三峡库区城镇移民家庭生活安置状况调查与分析

利用回溯性的调查资料来研究已经搬迁的城镇移民家庭在搬迁后的生活安置现状,分析城镇移民家庭的生活安置适应性。在评价方法上首先是对比城镇移民家庭搬迁前后的生活条件和社会保障的变化,再分析移民各个分项满意程度,最后将所提取的因子得分值作为自变量,总体“生活安置满意度”作为因变量,对数据进行Logistic回归分析,分析移民安置过程中哪些方面的满意度会影响到城镇移民对总体安置满意度的判断。研究发现城镇移民家庭的生活居住条件良好。搬迁后,城镇移民家庭的生活和居住条件都得到了较大幅度的改善,住房面积增大,房屋居住的安全系数有所提高。城镇移民家庭医疗保险享有率很高,但养老保险的享有率不容乐观,城镇移民家庭的养老保障仍有待提高。城镇移民生活安置满意度随着社区满意度和居住满意度的提高而提高     

太湖流域土地利用变化特征与机制分析

太湖流域土地总面积36 895 km²,包括了上海、江苏、浙江两省一市的部分区域,其中,江苏占53%,浙江占33%,上海占14%。太湖流域土地利用按下垫面可以分为耕地、建设用地、水域和其他用地4种类型。采用2005年土地详查数据与上次防洪规划数据进行比较。研究发现：耕地是太湖流域最重要的下垫面,占土地总面积的36.6%,建设用地占土地占面积的23%,与耕地的矛盾十分尖锐,水域面积较大,占土地总面积的14.5%。1996~2005年,土地利用变化的总体趋势是,耕地面积减少,减少幅度最大的地区在太湖流域江苏部分,两省一市建设用地均有30%左右的增长幅度,土地围垦得到有效控制,水域面积略有下降。人口增长和城市化快速发展、经济发展、效益驱动与土地管制差异是造成土地利用变化的主要原因     

大型水生植物对骆马湖氮磷元素及磷酸酶活性的影响

在骆马湖中选择有大型水生植物生长区域及无草对照区,测定主要水质指标,采集沉积物柱状样,分层测定沉积物氮磷元素含量及磷酸酶活性,探讨大型水生植物对骆马湖生态系统中氮磷元素及磷酸酶活性影响特征,结果表明：（1）大型水生植物生长区上覆水透明度明显高于对照(CK),是对照(CK)19倍;但有草区凯氏氮(KN)、可溶性氮(DN)含量低于对照(CK),方差分析表明二者差异极显著(〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗≤001);（2）大型水生植物生长能降低磷酸酶的活性,有草区不同深度沉积物酸（碱）磷酸酶活性总体小于对照(CK),但沉积物表层磷酸酶活性最强;（3）有草区不同深度沉积物TP含量低于对照(CK),但有草区表层沉积物凯氏氮(KN)含量高于对照(CK ).     

Assessment of Biological and Environmental Phenology at a Landscape Level from 30 Years of Fixed-Date Repeat Photography in Northern Sweden

A 30-year series (1978–2007) of photographic records were analysed to determine changes in lake ice cover, local (low elevation) and montane (high elevation) snow cover and phenological stages of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) at the Abisko Scientific Research Station, Sweden. In most cases, the photographic-derived data showed no significant difference in phenophase score from manually observed field records from the same period, demonstrating the accuracy and potential of using weekly repeat photography as a quicker, cheaper and more adaptable tool to remotely study phenology in both biological and physical systems. Overall, increases in ambient temperatures coupled with decreases in winter ice and snow cover, and earlier occurrence of birch foliage, signal a reduction in the length of winter, a shift towards earlier springs and an increase in the length of available growing season in the Swedish sub-arctic.     

Sexual difference in mercury concentrations of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Lake Ontario

We determined total mercury (Hg) concentrations in 50 female lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and 69 male lake trout from Lake Ontario (Ontario, Canada and New York, United States). Results showed that, on average, males were 8% higher in Hg concentration than females in Lake Ontario. We also used bioenergetics modeling to determine whether a sexual difference in gross growth efficiency (GGE) could explain the observed sexual difference in Hg concentrations. According to the bioenergetics modeling results, male GGE was about 3% higher than female GGE, on average. Although the bioenergetics modeling could not explain the higher Hg concentrations exhibited by the males, a sexual difference in GGE remained a plausible explanation for the sexual difference in Hg concentrations of the lake trout. In an earlier study, male lake trout from Lake Ontario were found to be 22% higher in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration than females from Lake Ontario. Thus, although males were higher in both Hg and PCB concentrations, the degree of the sexual difference in concentration varied between the two contaminants. Further research on sexual differences in Hg excretion rates and Hg direct uptake rates may be needed to resolve the disparity in results between the two contaminants.     

攀西地区干香柏容器育苗技术研究

研究了攀西地区(攀枝花市和西昌地区)采用无底营养袋与多穴容器盘培育干香柏苗木的根系状况和苗木生长状况。研究结果表明,多穴容器盘育苗能从根本上解决无导根或边缝切根的容器育苗产生的根系盘绕现象,本地区适合采用的多穴容器盘规格为导根线类多穴容器盘,容积为90—150ml以上;本地区适合采用的育苗基质配方由燥红土泥碳土和牛粪组成,体积比为5%红土、35%泥碳土和60%牛粪组成。     

Historical mercury contamination in sediments and catchment soils of Diss Mere, UK

A 5.3 m sediment core and soil samples were taken from Diss Mere and its catchment. The sediment core was dated and Hg analysed on the sediment and soil samples. The Hg record of the sediment core shows that Diss Mere has been contaminated for the past thousand years and the historical trends in sediment contamination are in good agreement with the development of the weaving industry in Diss and hemp cultivation in the region. Mercury contamination in Diss Mere has been significant and reached a peak in the mid-19th century with sediment Hg concentrations over 50 μg g⁻¹. Elevated Hg concentrations were also found in contemporary soils in residential areas with former industrial land use. Although local hemp cultivation and the traditional weaving industry were abandoned a hundred years ago, Hg contamination caused by these activities still exists in the catchment, and affects the lake.     

One century sedimentary records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mercury and trace elements in the Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau

Sediments from a remote lake of northeastern Tibetan Plateau were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace metals. USEPA priority PAHs, ranged from 11 in 1860 to 279 ng g⁻¹ in 2002, while, the deposition fluxes were in the range of 0.2-11.4 ng cm⁻² yr⁻¹. Similarly, from 1860 to 2002, an increased trend of Hg flux was observed (0.5-3.2 ng cm⁻² yr⁻¹). Remarkable increase of PAHs and Hg concentration began from 1970, nearly the same period of the “Reform and Open” Policy had been embarked (1978) in China. Good correlations were found between concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, and PAHs, which suggested the sources of these chemicals in the sediment is analogous, likely from anthroprogenic sources. Based on isomer ratios, PAHs in core were dominantly from the incomplete combustion of coal. Owing to the proximity to dust source area (Qaidam Basin) and the close association between PAHs, Hg, Pb, and particle matters, atmospheric dust-transport and deposition might be the main pathways that pollutants enter into Qinghai Lake.     

河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集.研究结果表明,将河蚬暴露于有机氯农药污染程度相似的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为1.5-1.8.S/S(以干重计)和1.1-1.7 as/g(以干重计))后,随着暴露时间的延长(24～168h),河蚬对有机氯农药的富集量随着暴露时间逐渐增加.试验结束时各样点中河蚬对HCHs和DDTs的富集量分别为(9.4±2.2)ng/g(以干重计)、(20.7±7.6)ng/g(以干重计).实验水体沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)分别为1.5±0.1和4.4±0.7.生物-沉积物富集因子(BSAF)与有机物的辛醇-水比值(Kow)存在显著正相关.     

Lake eutrophication management modeling using dynamic programming

Lake eutrophication problems have received considerable attention in Taiwan, especially because they relate to the quality of drinking water. In this study, steady-state river water quality and lake eutrophication models are solved using dynamic programming algorithms to find the nutrient removal rates for eutrophication control during dry season. The kinetic cycle of chlorophyll-a, phosphorus and nitrogen for a complete-mixed lake is considered in the optimization framework. The Newton-iterative technique is adopted to solve the nonlinear equations for the steady-state lake eutrophication model. The optimization framework is applied to Cheng-Ching Lake in southern Taiwan. Several nutrient loading scenarios for eutrophication control are studied. Optimization results for nutrient removal rates and corresponding wastewater treatment capacities of each reach of the Kao-Ping River define the least cost approach to lake eutrophication control. A natural purification method, structural free water surface wetland, is also suggested to save more investment and improve river water quality at the same time.