河淮地震带地震活动特征

通过对河淮地震带历史地震和现今地震活动特征的研究 ,初步认为研究区地震活动存在准周期性变化。研究还发现 ,该区地震活动与中国大陆地震活动存在一定的相关性。     

活性污泥胞外聚合物的组成与结构特点及环境行为

在活性污泥处理系统中,微生物大多以污泥絮体的形式悬浮在水中。胞外聚合物(EPS)作为污泥絮体的重要组成部分,以其独特的聚合结构和化学组成,在污水生物处理系统中起到重要作用。为了更好的描述EPS的环境行为,文章综合了近年来国内外相关的研究成果,首先分析了EPS的来源、化学组成及结构分布,得出EPS中包含蛋白质、多糖、腐殖酸、核酸、糖醛酸及脂类大分子等化学物质,其中蛋白质和多糖之和占总有机物含量的70%~80%;在结构上,EPS分为SB-EPS、LB-EPS和TB-EPS,三者与细胞结合的紧密程度递增,其中所含化学成分比例的不同将使其具有不同的理化特性。其次,文章对EPS的理化特征对污水处理系统的影响,如对系统中微生物降解特性的影响、磷和重金属的吸附等进行了讨论,并总结了EPS中相关的官能团对上述环境行为的贡献。同时,文章还论述了EPS中官能团的亲疏水特性及化学成分对污泥絮体的脱水性、絮凝沉降性能的影响。     

Water conservation due to greywater treatment and reuse in urban setting with specific context to developing countries

In India, the per capita water availability is reducing day by day due to rapid growth in population and increasing water demand. Greywater treatment and reuse is one of the feasible options in developing countries like India to overcome this problem. A greywater collection, treatment and reuse system was designed and implemented in an urban household having a water requirement of 165 liter per capita per day (lpcd) and a greywater generation rate of 80 lpcd. An upflow-downflow greywater treatment plant having a screening, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection as major treatment processes was constructed and treated greywater is used for toilet flushing and to irrigate the vegetables in the backyard of the household. Greywater characterisation indicates that COD and BOD are sufficiently reduced during the treatment and there is also substantially reduction in Escherichia coli count. The payback period of this greywater treatment and reuse system is estimated to be 1.6 year.     

绿色消费行为理论探讨及国内现状分析

推进绿色消费是缓解环境压力的根本途径之一。从消费者心理与行为出发,研究我国居民绿色消费行为的特点和规律,对推进我国绿色消费具有积极作用。本文从消费者心理统计特征出发,探讨了绿色消费行为的影响因素和决策机制,在此基础上,分析了当前我国居民绿色消费行为的特征,并提出了相应建议。     

Characteristics of two transferable aminoglycoside resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from pig and chicken manure

pRKZ3 is a non-conjugative IncQ plasmid, while pKANJ7 is a conjugative IncX plasmid. The optimal mating time of pKANJ7 varied under different conditions. Both of the two transferable ARPs had little impact on the growth of their hosts. A relatively high level of fitness cost was observed for pKANJ7. The fitness cost of ARPs depended on their hosts. Plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have recently become a more prominent concern in the global environment. However, the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance plasmids in the livestock industry is under reported. In this study, two transferable aminoglycoside resistance plasmids, pRKZ3 and pKANJ7, isolated from pig and chicken manure, were characterized. Results showed that pRKZ3 (8236 bp) is a non-conjugative IncQ plasmid and contains genes encoding for plasmid replication and stabilization (repA, repB and repC), mobilization (mob), and antibiotic resistance (arr-3 and aacA). pKANJ7 (30142 bp) is a conjugative IncX plasmid which codes for a type IV secretion system (T4SS). Conjugative transfer experiments showed that the optimal mating time of pKANJ7 was 8 h under the starvation condition, but the number of tranconjugants increased with time under the nutrient condition. Statistical analysis indicated that the two plasmids had little impact on the growth of their hosts, but a relatively high level of fitness cost due to pKANJ7 was observed. We also found that the fitness cost of plasmids depended on their hosts. Compared with pKANJ7, the relative fitness cost index of pRKZ3 varied within a narrow range during the 10 days of competition. The low level of fitness cost of pRKZ3 might contribute to the persistence of the plasmid in the environment. Our study provides new information for understanding the characterizations of antibiotic resistance plasmids (ARPs) in manure sources and helps to clarify the transfer and persistence of ARPs in the environment following the application of manure.     

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments(RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size(150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal(i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size(150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively.Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index(I geo) decreased in the order:CdPbCuZn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: CdZn≈PbCu.     

WATCH

Abstract

The characteristics of fine particulate pollution (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) were measured at urban and suburban sites in Jinan during the 2008–2009 heating and non-heating seasons. The results showed that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 pollution was quite serious, and PM mass concentration was higher during the heating season than the non-heating season. PM was the highest in the chemical factory and lowest in the development zone. The mass concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were linearly related, and the mass concentration ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ was up to 0.59 in urban areas. PM pollution in Jinan was related to local meteorological factors: PM_2.5 mass concentration and humidity were positively correlated, and PM_2.5 mass concentration was negatively correlated with both click on the temperature and wind speed, although wind speed varied more.     

Highly time-resolved aerosol characteristics during springtime in Weizhou Island

A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during March 2015 in Weizhou Island of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi province, South China. In this campaign, a total of 3,100,597 particles were sized, and 25.8%particles with both positive and negative mass spectrum were collected and 24.8%characterized in combination with the ART-2 a neural network algorithm. The distribution of sized particles was mainly in from 520 to 600 nm, and the diameters ranging from 340 to1000 nm accounted for above 90%. Eight types of particles were classified: Elemental Carbon containing(EC), Organic Carbon containing(OC), EC and OC combined containing particles,Na containing particles, K containing particles(K), Levoglucosan containing particles,mineral containing particles, and Heavy Metal containing particles(HM). EC, OC and K were the major containing particles, which accounted for 84.3% in the eight types particles. The relative ratio and size distribution of the three types were EC(48.1%, 620 nm), OC(12.7%,440 nm), and K(23.5%, 600 nm), respectively. The three types of particles were a bit increasing ratios compared with those in clean periods during haze pollution periods.Combined with the back-trajectory results from the Hysplit-4 model and local pollution sources revealed that the ambient air quality on the Weizhou Island may be influenced by biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula(biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula)from the transportation on higher level atmospheric layer and by mainland of south China located northeast of Weizhou Island on the ground.     

陕西省1993年滑坡灾害特征及其防灾思考

本文介绍了陕西省１９９３年滑坡灾害及其特征；在此基础上提出了今后防滑减灾的对策。     

关于建设高效林业的对策

本文讨论了高效林业的概念、特点及其内容,提出了建设原则与措施。