宁东能源化工基地工业固体废物综合利用现状分析、预测及建议

宁东能源化工基地目前以及将来都是宁夏回族自治区工业固体废物主要产生源,因此做好宁东能源基地工业固体废物污染防治工作就相当于解决了宁夏地区大部分工业固体废物问题。通过对基地在工业固体废物方面存在的问题进行剖析,提出宁东能源化工基地固体废物污染防治对策,旨在为减少宁东基地工业固体废物的产生量,提高工业固体废物的综合利用率。做好工业固体废物贮存、处置工作,提供科学指导,保证基地的高水平建设,为可持续发展提供科学依据。     

连续紫外扫描光谱法快速测定废水的化学需氧量

探讨了紫外扫描光谱最佳吸收波段内的吸光度集合所组成的峰面积与被测定废水的COD含量的相关性,同时进行了精密度和标准方法的比对实验,取得较好效果.该方法适用于多成分有机混合物的快速测定.     

毛细管电泳法直接测定化工废水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

采用胶束毛细管电泳法,在分离水中5种邻苯二甲酸酯的基础上,对化工废水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯进行了直接测定.以峰面积定量,标准曲线在4 mg/L～50 mg/L线性关系良好,检出限为0.64 mg/L,加标回收率为104%～106%.     

Hydrogeochemistry and Groundwater Quality Assessment of Lower Part of the Ponnaiyar River Basin, Cuddalore District, South India

The Lower Ponnaiyar River Basin forms an important groundwater province in South India constituted by Tertiary formations dominated by sandstones and overlain by alluvium. The region enjoyed artesian conditions 50 years back but at present frequent failure of monsoon and over exploitation is threatening the aquifer. Further, extensive agricultural and industrial activities and urbanization has resulted in the increase in demand and contamination of the aquifer. To identify the sources and quality of groundwater, water samples from 47 bore wells were collected in an area of 154 km² and were analysed for major ions and trace metals. The results reveal that the groundwater in many places is contaminated by higher concentrations of NO₃, Cl, PO₄ and Fe. Four major hydrochemical facies Ca–Mg–Cl, Na–Cl, Ca–HCO₃ and Na–HCO₃ were identified using Piper trilinear diagram. Salinity, sodium adsorption ratio, and sodium percentage indicate that most of the groundwater samples are not suitable for irrigation as well as for domestic purposes and far from drinking water standards. The most serious pollution threat to groundwater is from nitrate ions, which are associated with sewage and fertilizers application. The present state of the quality of the lower part of Ponnaiyar River Basin is of great concern and the higher concentration of toxic metals (Fe and Ni) may entail various health hazards.     

Inorganic constituents of urban air pollution in the Lazio region (Central Italy)

A field study was carried out at six locations in the Lazio region (Central Italy) aimed at characterising atmospheric particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) from the point of view of the chemical composition and grain size distribution of the particles, the mixing properties of the atmosphere, the frequency and relevance of natural events. The combination of four different analytical techniques (ion chromatography, X-ray fluorescence and ICP for inorganic components, thermo-optical analysis for carbon compounds) yielded sound results in terms of characterisation of the air masses. During the first three months of the study (October-December 2004), many pollution events of natural (sea-salt or desert dust episodes) or anthropogenic nature were identified and characterised. More than 90% of the collected mass was identified by chemical analysis. The central role played by the mixing properties of the lower atmosphere when pollution events occurred was highlighted. The results show a major impact of primary anthropogenic pollutants on traffic stations and a homogeneous distribution of secondary pollutants over the regional area. An evaluation of the sources of PM and an identification of possible reliable tracers were obtained using a chemical fractionation procedure.     

Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in urban soils of Guangzhou, China

Knowledge of the total concentration of heavy metals is not enough to fully assess the environmental impact of urban soils. For this reason, the determination of metal speciation is important to evaluate their environment and the mobilization capacity. Sequential extraction technique proposed by the former European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was used to speciate Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in urban soils from Guangzhou into four operationally defined fractions: HOAc extractable, reducible, oxidizable, and residual. The Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn were predominately located in the residual fraction, Pb in the reducible fraction, and Cd and Mn within the HOAc extractable fraction. The order of Cd in each fraction was generally HOAc extractable > reducible > residual > oxidizable; Cu and Fe were residual > reducible > oxidizable > HOAc extractable; Mn was HOAc extractable > residual > reducible > oxidizable; Ni and Zn were residual > reducible > HOAc extractable > oxidizable; and Pb was reducible > residual > oxidizable > HOAc extractable. Cadmium was identified as being the most mobile of the elements, followed by Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Fe. Iron–Mn oxides can play an important role in binding Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn and in decreasing their proportion associated with the residual fraction in the soils. With total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn increase, these metals more easily release and may produce more negative effects on the urban environment.     

Assessment of the chemical components of Famenin groundwater,western Iran

The Faminin area in the semi-arid Hamadan state, western Iran is facing a serious deficiency in groundwater resources due to an increasing demand associated with rapid population growth and agricultural development. The chemical composition of 78 well samples throughout the Faminin area was determined with the aim of evaluating the concentration of the background ions and identifying the major hydrogeochemical processes that control the groundwater chemistry. The similarity between rock and groundwater chemistries in the recharge area indicates a significant rock-water interaction. The hydrochemical types Na–HCO₃ and Na–SO₄ are the predominate forms in the groundwater, followed by water types Ca–HCO₃ and Na–Cl. The high values of electrical conductivity and high concentrations of Na⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ in the groundwater appeared to be caused by the dissolution of mineral phases and would appeared to be caused by anthropogenic activities, such as intense agricultural practices (application of fertilizers, irrigation practice), urban and industrial waste discharge, among others.     

张家口市沙尘天气过程气溶胶单颗粒特征研究

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪对张家口市2015年春季的一次典型沙尘过程进行了监测,分析了沙尘过程对当地大气颗粒物成分的影响。结果表明,监测期间的颗粒物类型主要分为8种:矿物质(MD)、左旋葡聚糖(LEV)、元素碳(EC)、有机碳(OC)、混合碳(ECOC)、重金属(HM)、富钾(K)、其他(Other)。对比沙尘天气来临前、中、后3个时段,随着沙尘天气的来临,本地大气颗粒物成分发生较大变化,矿物质、左旋葡聚糖等成分含量升高,而有机碳、重金属等成分含量下降,其中矿物质在PM10峰值时段小时比例高达27.8%;沙尘天气期间,由于矿物质颗粒占比增加,使得总颗粒物的粒径分布向0.9μm以上的粗粒径段偏移;此外,沙尘天气期间的颗粒物各成分与二次组分的混合程度相较非沙尘天气时段的低,说明其老化程度相对较低。     

VOCs快速检测在某化工企业搬迁遗留污染场地调查中的应用

以天津市某化工企业搬迁遗留污染场地为例,采用VOCs快速检测法辅助现场钻孔取样,以初步判断土壤污染深度,同时将现场样品送实验室检测。试验表明,VOCs快速检测法与实验室检测法结果基本一致。将452个样品测定结果做比对,结果表明实验室检测数据VOCs加和值与快速检测法现场检测数据存在显著相关,R2为0.803 7。污染物主要集中于场地5 m~9 m的粉土层中。其中,13种VOCs检出,4种VOCs超过《场地土壤环境风险评价筛选值》(DB11/T 811—2011)商业用地筛选值。     

南京市典型水域沉积物中重金属形态分布特征

采用顺序提取的方法对南京市典型河流和湖泊水域的沉积物进行重金属化学形态研究,分析了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr 6种重金属元素在不同水体沉积物中各个形态赋存的含量分布特征。结果表明,6种元素生物有效性排序为:Cd PbZn Cu Ni Cr,其中Cd和Pb以弱酸提取态和可还原态为主要存在形态,其不仅会对上覆水体产生二次污染,对水生动植物也具有较强的危害性。另外,通过结果间接反映出受人类生产生活影响大的水体,受污染的程度更高,各种金属元素赋存的形态也更易迁移转化,在环境治理方面更应受到重视。