Risk and safety perception on urban and rural roads: Effects of environmental features,driver age and risk sensitivity

Objective: The ability to detect changing visual information is a vital component of safe driving. In addition to detecting changing visual information, drivers must also interpret its relevance to safety. Environmental changes considered to have high safety relevance will likely demand greater attention and more timely responses than those considered to have lower safety relevance. The aim of this study was to explore factors that are likely to influence perceptions of risk and safety regarding changing visual information in the driving environment. Factors explored were the environment in which the change occurs (i.e., urban vs. rural), the type of object that changes, and the driver's age, experience, and risk sensitivity.

Methods: Sixty-three licensed drivers aged 18–70 years completed a hazard rating task, which required them to rate the perceived hazardousness of changing specific elements within urban and rural driving environments. Three attributes of potential hazards were systematically manipulated: the environment (urban, rural); the type of object changed (road sign, car, motorcycle, pedestrian, traffic light, animal, tree); and its inherent safety risk (low risk, high risk). Inherent safety risk was manipulated by either varying the object's placement, on/near or away from the road, or altering an infrastructure element that would require a change to driver behavior. Participants also completed two driving-related risk perception tasks, rating their relative crash risk and perceived risk of aberrant driving behaviors.

Results: Driver age was not significantly associated with hazard ratings, but individual differences in perceived risk of aberrant driving behaviors predicted hazard ratings, suggesting that general driving-related risk sensitivity plays a strong role in safety perception. In both urban and rural scenes, there were significant associations between hazard ratings and inherent safety risk, with low-risk changes perceived as consistently less hazardous than high-risk impact changes; however, the effect was larger for urban environments. There were also effects of object type, with certain objects rated as consistently more safety relevant. In urban scenes, changes involving pedestrians were rated significantly more hazardous than all other objects, and in rural scenes, changes involving animals were rated as significantly more hazardous. Notably, hazard ratings were found to be higher in urban compared with rural driving environments, even when changes were matched between environments.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that drivers perceive rural roads as less risky than urban roads, even when similar scenarios occur in both environments. Age did not affect hazard ratings. Instead, the findings suggest that the assessment of risk posed by hazards is influenced more by individual differences in risk sensitivity. This highlights the need for driver education to account for appraisal of hazards’ risk and relevance, in addition to hazard detection, when considering factors that promote road safety.     

突起路标合理设置的原理与方法研究

目前国内外还没有针对路钮的设置间距进行相关的模型研究,实施中通常根据经验进行设置.笔者基于曲线曲率最佳感知精度和路钮视像连续的两种设置原理,并考虑驾驶员的视觉特点、车辆的灯光照射性能,提出以视线诱导为目的,在驾驶员视野范围内始终出现4块路钮的设置间距与曲线半径的关系模型;并以路钮视像在人眼中形成一条连续的诱导线为目的设置间距与道路设计车速之间的关系模型.在两种方法的最终设置间距中取两种模型的小值作为最终的设置间距,并根据反光及不反光路钮的特点、设置的经济性和路段的交通安全状况对其设置方式作了分析和探讨.经研究,该模型可作为相关规范中路钮设置间距的依据.     

Risk-mitigating beliefs,risk estimates,and self-reported speeding in a sample of Australian drivers

PROBLEM: Research suggests that people who engage in risk-taking behaviors often hold specific beliefs that can mitigate or reduce their perceptions of risk associated with those behaviors. METHOD: A scale was developed (Speeding Risk Belief Scale (SRBS)) to assess beliefs about speeding-related risk and predict self-reported speeding in a random-digit telephone survey of 800 South Australian drivers between the ages of 16 and 50. RESULTS: The scale was internally consistent, and path analyses showed it to be associated with self-reported speeding, both directly and indirectly through participants' estimates of speeding-related risk. DISCUSSION: Origins of risk-mitigating beliefs and the extent to which they may be causally linked with speeding are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This research has strong implications for the conduct of countermeasure campaigns that disseminate information on speeding-related risk.     

起重吊装风险协同感知智能装备研发与应用

为解决起重吊装指挥-操作交互的高风险场景下,单一类型装备(如传感器、智能摄像头等)难以实时智能地识别吊装风险的问题,研发集成计算机视觉技术和传感器设备的起重吊装风险协同感知智能装备(简称智能装备)。首先分析起重吊装过程中指挥人员和起重机的运动特征;然后针对起重机驾驶员的误操作行为风险,结合人-机不同的运动特征和工作需求,提出智能装备的风险协同感知方案;最后在实验室模拟场景下检验智能装备的风险感知精度和延迟时间。结果表明:智能装备能够协同感知起重吊装指挥-操作交互过程中的安全风险,发现起重机驾驶员的误操作行为并实时报警。智能装备在该过程中的风险感知精度为95.17%,延迟时间约为0.25 s。     

考虑风险感知度和系统效率的应急瓶颈资源调度

为提高应急响应过程的救援效率和质量,在研究应急资源调度问题时,采用考虑不同受灾群众的风险感知度和应急瓶颈资源效率的方法,制定合理的调度方案。首先,细分应急响应过程和受灾群众类型,从资源环境、任务约束和优化目标等3个方面描述应急资源调度问题;然后,基于前景理论(PT)刻画受灾群众行为,构建风险感知度函数,建立0-1非线性多目标整数规划模型;最后,采用遗传算法仿真求解模型,并进行帕累托和敏感性分析。结果表明:在应急资源调度过程中考虑不同受灾群众的风险感知度与应急瓶颈资源的效率,有助于降低受灾群众的风险感知度,提高救援效率和决策质量。     

Crash risk perception of sleepy driving and its comparisons with drink driving and speeding: Which behavior is perceived as the riskiest?

Objective: Driver sleepiness is a major crash risk factor but may be underrecognized as a risky driving behavior. Sleepy driving is usually rated as less of a road safety issue than more well-known risky driving behaviors, such as drink driving and speeding. The objective of this study was to compare perception of crash risk of sleepy driving, drink driving, and speeding.

Methods: Three hundred Australian drivers completed a questionnaire that assessed crash risk perceptions for sleepy driving, drink driving, and speeding. Additionally, the participants' perceptions of crash risk were assessed for 5 different contextual scenarios that included different levels of sleepiness (low, high), driving duration (short, long), and time of day/circadian influences (afternoon, nighttime) of driving.

Results: The analysis confirmed that sleepy driving was considered a risky driving behavior but not as risky as high levels of speeding (P < .05). Yet, the risk of crashing at 4 a.m. was considered as equally risky as low levels of speeding (10 km over the limit). The comparisons of the contextual scenarios revealed driving scenarios that would arguably be perceived as quite risky because time of day/circadian influences were not reported as high risk.

Conclusions: The results suggest a lack of awareness or appreciation of circadian rhythm functioning, particularly the descending phase of circadian rhythm that promotes increased sleepiness in the afternoon and during the early hours of the morning. Yet, the results suggested an appreciation of the danger associated with long-distance driving and driver sleepiness. Further efforts are required to improve the community's awareness of the impairing effects from sleepiness and, in particular, knowledge regarding the human circadian rhythm and the increased sleep propensity during the circadian nadir.     

金属矿山员工风险认知与安全行为的关系

为探索金属矿山员工风险认知与安全行为之间的关系,选取金属矿山冒顶坍塌、中毒窒息和车辆伤害3类常见风险,从风险特征维度的视角提出研究假设.通过设计风险认知与安全行为量表开展调查,并对调查所获的397份问卷进行统计分析,利用相关分析、回归分析和中介效应对研究假设进行检验.研究结果表明:员工风险认知对安全行为有显著正向影响作...