社会信任、合作能力与农户参与小农水供给行为——基于黄河灌区五省数据的验证

在政府主管的小农水供给模式无法完全满足农业分户经营的需要的现实背景下,农户参与供给是实现小农水供需平衡的有效方式。本文利用黄河灌区宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、河南和山东五个省份1558户微观农户数据,引入农户社会信任和合作能力因子,考虑农户农业收入水平和所处省份差异,采用多群组结构方程模型,探究农户参与小农水供给的行为。首先,运用信度和效度检验对农户参与小农水供给行为量表进行了分析。在此基础上,运用多群组结构方程模型,以农户农业收入水平和所处省份为调节变量,分析农户社会信任和合作能力对其参与小农水供给行为的影响。研究结果表明:农户的社会信任和合作能力显著正向影响农户参与小农水供给的意愿,其中农户的合作能力影响程度较大,农户的社会信任影响程度次之;农户的社会信任、合作能力和参与供给意愿对其参与小农水供给行为有显著正向影响,且影响程度最大的是农户的参与供给意愿,其次是农户的合作能力,最后为农户的社会信任;农户的社会信任对其合作能力有显著正向影响。多群组分析表明,农户的农业收入水平及其所处省份显著调节农户参与小农水的供给行为。其中,农业收入作为调节变量结果显示,农业收入高的农户参与小农水供给的意愿更强烈,参与供给行为水平更高;产生参与供给意愿后,农业收入中等偏上和中等偏下的农户更容易将意愿转化为行为。省份作为调节变量的结果显示,陕西、河南和山东农户的社会信任和合作能力对其参与小农水供给意愿的影响较大,河南和山东农户更容易将参与供给意愿转化为行为;宁夏和内蒙古农户的合作能力对其参与供给行为影响程度较大。根据以上结果,政府应根据不同地区农户的收入水平、社会信任和合作能力等实际情况,充分调动本地的社会资源,引导农户认识到参与小农水供给的重要性和迫切性,提高农户参与小农水供给的意愿和行为水平,促进小农水供需平衡的实现。     

It's a Matter of Trust: American Judgments of the Credibility of Informal Communicators on Solutions to Climate Change

Using an October 2013 national probability sample of US adults (N?=?1737), we examine the credibility of informal communicators (e.g. neighbors, co-workers, religious leaders, and health professionals) on solutions to climate change (regulatory and technological solutions). We present our analysis in terms of Kruglanski et al.’s [(2005). Says who? Epistemic authority effects in social judgment. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 345–392] epistemic authority framework, which explains dynamics of trust in formal sources of authority with specific expertise (e.g. climate scientists) and informal sources of authority in a person's life (e.g. a priest). Trust in formal communicators (scientists and President Obama) consistently predicts trust in informal communicators (e.g. health professionals), and perceived effectiveness of climate solutions. Results further show that social and demographic groups that do not primarily rely on formal communicators on solutions to climate change instead rely more on various informal communicators. For example, political conservatism positively predicts trust in religious leaders, and religiosity further predicts trust in congregants, neighbors, co-workers, bosses and health professionals on solutions to climate change. Discussion focuses on implications for future research, and recommendations for policy actors, environmental communicators, and social marketers interested in broadening the scope of climate outreach.     

Media Use and Public Perceptions of Global Warming in India

Media plays a vital role in informing the public about environmental threats. Although climate change is a global problem, developing countries such as India are often more vulnerable to the impacts due to poverty, illiteracy, and low public awareness. Using data from a nationally representative survey in India, this paper explores the relationships between media use, issue attention, and trust in informational sources on one hand and science-based climate change beliefs, risk perceptions, and policy support on the other. Results suggest that the Indian media, through consistent and accurate coverage of global warming using trusted sources, can play a positive role in increasing public engagement among a largely unaware population. Implications for climate change communication in India are discussed.     

Does Engagement in Advocacy Hurt the Credibility of Scientists? Results from a Randomized National Survey Experiment

It is often assumed that issue advocacy will compromise the credibility of scientists. We conducted a randomized controlled experiment to test public reactions to six different advocacy statements made by a scientist—ranging from a purely informational statement to an endorsement of specific policies. We found that perceived credibility of the communicating scientist was uniformly high in five of the six message conditions, suffering only when he advocated for a specific policy—building more nuclear power plants (although credibility did not suffer when advocating for a different specific policy—carbon dioxide limits at power plants). We also found no significant differences in trust in the broader climate science community between the six message conditions. Our results suggest that climate scientists who wish to engage in certain forms of advocacy have considerable latitude to do so without risking harm to their credibility, or the credibility of the scientific community.     

Trust,but verify: social media models for disaster management

A lack of trust in the information exchanged via social media may significantly hinder decisionmaking by community members and emergency services during disasters. The need for timely information at such times, though, challenges traditional ways of establishing trust. This paper, building on a multi‐year research project that combined social media data analysis and participant observation within an emergency management organisation and in‐depth engagement with stakeholders across the sector, pinpoints and examines assumptions governing trust and trusting relationships in social media disaster management. It assesses three models for using social media in disaster management—information gathering, quasi‐journalistic verification, and crowdsourcing—in relation to the guardianship of trust to highlight the verification process for content and source and to identify the role of power and responsibilities. The conclusions contain important implications for emergency management organisations seeking to enhance their mechanisms for incorporating user‐generated information from social media sources in their disaster response efforts.     

信任与家族企业的可持续成长

家族企业在中国经济发展中有着重要的地位,但同时家族企业在持续发展的过程中也遇到了许多需要解决的问题.信任就是影响家族企业持续发展的主要问题之一.文章从信任的多维度角度出发,研究了信任对中国家族企业可持续成长的影响.文章以家旅企业为调查研究对象,进行了实证分析.研究结论表明,信任对家族企业可持续成长具有一定的影晌.其中:①家旗企业情感性信任对家族企业可持续成长有着显著的正向影响,②家族企业认知性信任对家族企业可持续成长有着显著的正向影响.③家族企业认知性信任对情感性信任有着显著的正向影响.研究结论说明了家族企业要可持续发展,就必须有信任作为基础保障,给予非家族高层管理成员充分的信任,特别是情感方面的信任.只有这样才能充分调动和发挥引入的外部资源和能力,家族企业在发展过程中,就不会受到能力和资源的制约,才能够保障家族企业的可持续发展.作者的研究结论将为中国家族企业的可持续发展战路提供参考决策.     

Empowering leadership: A meta‐analytic examination of incremental contribution,mediation, and moderation

The concept of empowering leadership (EL) has seen increasing scholarly interest in recent years. This study reports a meta‐analysis investigating the effects of EL on employee work behavior. On the basis of data from 105 samples, we found evidence for the positive effects of EL on performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and creativity at both the individual and team levels. We further examined these relationships by exploring potential boundary conditions and the incremental contribution of EL over transformational leadership and leader–member exchange. Furthermore, at the individual level, both trust in leader and psychological empowerment mediated the relationships of EL with task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and creativity. We also found evidence that leader–member exchange was a significant mediator between EL and task performance. At the team level, empowerment mediated the effects of EL on team performance, whereas knowledge sharing showed no significant indirect effect. Our results have important theoretical and practical implications and suggest some areas that require further research.     

公众信任及水灾风险认知的区域对比

通过在长江流域不同区域开展问卷调查(获885份样本),统计、比较公众对社会减灾能力的信任态度及水灾风险认知状况,并探讨信任与认知之间的关系。结果显示,公众对社会减灾能力基本持信任态度,信任度依次为:灾害监测预报预警>政府应急>防灾工程能力,其中下游地区公众的信任度较高。公众对于水灾的风险感知普遍偏弱,尤其是下游地区公众对发生水灾、受灾可能性的评估偏低(小于25%)。公众对于区域减灾能力的信任主要受到受灾经历(如灾情损失、灾后救援等)的影响,区域本底的灾害风险高低导致公众水灾风险认知的差异。风险较高区域(上、中游)公众更愿意采取较多的、积极的具体防减灾措施。     

Taking Consumers Seriously: Two Concepts of Consumer Sovereignty

Governments, producers, and international free tradeorganizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) areincreasingly confronted with consumers who not only buy (or don'tbuy) goods, but also demand that those goods are producedconforming to certain ethical (often diverse) standards. Not onlysafety and health belong to these ethical ideals, but animalwelfare, environmental concerns, labor circumstances, and fairtrade. However, this phantom haunts the dusty world of social andpolitical philosophy as well. The new concept ``consumersovereignty' bypasses the conceptual dichotomy of consumer andcitizen.According to the narrow liberal response to this newconstellation, with respect to food one should conceptualizeconsumer sovereignty as the right of the individual consumer toget information on food products and to make his or her ownchoice on the market of food products. In this conception, thereis a very strong emphasis on rules and principles with respect tothe autonomy of individuals.I argue that these narrow liberal concepts are not sufficient forappropriate public policy-making in democratic societies, andthat they only enable us to identify problems; they do not helpnon-experts (and experts, if it comes to that, as well) inweighing the different ethical claims. Besides, not onlyprinciples play a role in the outcome, but all kinds of ideals aswell, like roles, values, and norms. My principal argument isthat analysis or justification of norms or principles is notsufficient to get a synthesis or construction of ethicalsolutions: we need some value orientation to guide us inbalancing the different ethical claims by solving an ethicalproblem. Moreover, this balancing is something that requiressocial space and social time, i.e., public debates. With theconcept of public debates a whole new dimension enters ethicalanalysis, because the attention of ethicists shifts toformulating criteria of successful and rational public debates.However, in the broad liberal view these concepts aresupplemented with values, preferences, practices of care, andinvolvement. I argue firstly for a broadened perspective on foodas an integral part of life styles and not only as something thatpresents risks. That is the reason that food gets such intensiveattention from the public, which is summarized in the concept ofconsumer concerns. Secondly, I defend the argument that not only(rational) public debates, but intensive commitments of bothproducers and consumers in every link of the chain in so calledcare practices or consumer councils can enhance confidence in thefood production system and the way we extract our daily intakefrom nature.     

ECO-ENGINEERING-THE CHALLENGE OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1

It is presumed that the present environmental thrust is not a wholly transitory fad; that there will be a residual impact on American society which will demand greater consideration in the future of ecological and environmental values by resource developers and public works agencies. An example is cited to show the validity of the environmental thrust and the severe consequences of ignoring it under the present emphasis on this aspect of resource development. An attempt is made to understand some of the reasons for the dramatic change in public attitude toward the environment and opposition to projects of apparent benefit to society. It is suggested that basic changes in philosophy and concept will be necessary in the field of resource development. Some broad ecological and developmental guidelines are provided in the interest of implementing environmental considerations. Finally, those involved in resource development and public works are challenged to accept the concept of eco-engineering; a concept combining the competing elements of resource development and conservation.