基于PDCA持续改善架构的企业业务持续管理研究

以研究业务持续管理相关的国际法规条款与PDCA持续改善架构,给出业务持续管理关键要素定义以其在PDCA架构中所担任的角色与位阶,进而制定企业业务持续管理的PDCA封闭式管理模型,并阐述企业典型业务持续管理各个要素的实行重点,为企业的业务风险管理提供可用的方法与可执行的建议。     

Variation in Sensitivity of Aquatic Species to Toxicants: Practical Consequences for Effect Assessment of Chemical Substances

5 –10⁶ times higher compared with less sensitive species. The use of assessment factors in effect assessment procedures may lead to an underestimation of effects on the more sensitive species. For many priority pollutants there is little information on their ecotoxicity. Predictive techniques are needed to compensate for this lack of data. Knowledge of the relation between modes of action of compounds and interspecies variation in sensitivity should be integrated in risk assessment procedures in order to make more efficient use of the limited financial resources available.     

The future of humanitarian action: mapping the implications of Iraq and other recent crises

In late 2003 the Feinstein International Famine Center, in partnership with institutions in London, Geneva and Washington, organised a series of consultations on the future of humanitarian action post-Iraq. This article is based on those discussions. A number of recurring concerns are elaborated, ranging from the perception of humanitarianism as a Northern-driven and Northern-controlled enterprise, through the politicisation of security and the devaluation of the protective power of emblems, to the very nature of how the crisis in Iraq is perceived. The article explores the implications of such issues for humanitarian workers and their institutions. It concludes by framing an agenda for action by the humanitarian sector.     

Conflict and engagement: An empirical study of a farmer-extension partnership in a sustainable agriculture program

Stakeholder engagement is a crucial concept of extension education. Engagement expresses democratic values of the land-grant mission by providing opportunities for stakeholders to influence program planning, including setting the agenda and negotiating resource allocations. In practice, the concept of engagement guides the formation of partnerships among extension, communities, industry, and government. In the area of sustainable agriculture, however, stakeholders may conflict, presenting challenges to the engagement process. Results from a study of a Canadian sustainable agriculture program, produced using cultural anthropology and participatory action research, detail challenges of the engagement process that led to reconstruction of a farmer-extension partnership. Notable in the early phase of the reconstruction process were critical reflection, stakeholder forums, exclusion through caucusing, and coalition building. An argument for a neopragmatist view provides a theoretical basis for understanding counterintuitive dimensions of engagement revealed by the study.     

苯胺和硝基苯胺对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的联合毒性

测得了苯胺与硝基苯胺对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的单一毒性和二元混合物的联合毒性.用相加指数法(AI)和相似性参数(λ)进行评价,两种方法得出一致的结论,即3种二元混合物的联合作用均为协同作用;比较混合物在等剂量,毒性单位比分别为1∶1,1∶4,2∶3,3∶2,4∶1下的AI值和λ值,发现均在等毒配比时的协同作用最强.      

The behaviour of ant transporters at the old and new nests during successive colony emigrations

Colonies of the ant Temnothorax albipennis improve their collective performance over successive emigrations (Langridge et al. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:523–529, 2004, Behav Ecol Sociobiol 62:447–456, 2008). Here, by analysing the performance of individual transporters (workers that carry the brood, queen and a proportion of adults), we investigate whether they spend less time at the old and new nests during repeated emigrations. Transporters expedited choosing and picking up brood items at the old nest and depositing them in the new nest. Such improvements were not associated with adult transport. Generally, when carrying brood items, but not when carrying adults, transporters visited several locations in the new nest before depositing them. Transporters did not interact with other adults when depositing brood items. Consequently, reductions in depositing times are the sum of time savings made by individual transporters. By contrast, transporters spent most time interacting with other adults before picking up brood items at the old nest. As the frequency of these interactions did not decline, we suggest the behaviours of interacting adults were modified in a way that hastened their completion. Thus, reductions in picking-up times probably occur because of time saved during interactions.     

Why do not all workers work? Colony size and workload during emigrations in the ant Temnothorax albipennis

Here, we study distribution of workload and its relationship to colony size among worker ants of Temnothorax albipennis, in the context of colony emigrations. We find that one major aspect of workload, number of items transported by each worker, was more evenly distributed in larger colonies. By contrast, in small colonies, a small number of individuals perform most of the work in this task (in one colony, a single ant transported 57% of all items moved in the emigration). Transporters in small colonies carried more items to the new nest per individual and achieved a higher overall efficiency in transport (more items moved per transporter and unit time). Our results suggest that small colonies may be extremely dependent on a few key individuals. In studying colony organisation and division of labour, the amount of work performed by each individual, not just task repertoire (which tasks are performed at all), should be taken into account.     

Effects of threat management interactions on conservation priorities

Decisions need to be made about which biodiversity management actions are undertaken to mitigate threats and about where these actions are implemented. However, management actions can interact; that is, the cost, benefit, and feasibility of one action can change when another action is undertaken. There is little guidance on how to explicitly and efficiently prioritize management for multiple threats, including deciding where to act. Integrated management could focus on one management action to abate a dominant threat or on a strategy comprising multiple actions to abate multiple threats. Furthermore management could be undertaken at sites that are in close proximity to reduce costs. We used cost‐effectiveness analysis to prioritize investments in fire management, controlling invasive predators, and reducing grazing pressure in a bio‐diverse region of southeastern Queensland, Australia. We compared outcomes of 5 management approaches based on different assumptions about interactions and quantified how investment needed, benefits expected, and the locations prioritized for implementation differed when interactions were taken into account. Managing for interactions altered decisions about where to invest and in which actions to invest and had the potential to deliver increased investment efficiency. Differences in high priority locations and actions were greatest between the approaches when we made different assumptions about how management actions deliver benefits through threat abatement: either all threats must be managed to conserve species or only one management action may be required. Threatened species management that does not consider interactions between actions may result in misplaced investments or misguided expectations of the effort required to mitigate threats to species.     

微塑料对结冰过程中环境因子迁移的影响

为探究结冰过程中微塑料赋存对典型环境因子(总氮、总磷、盐度、化学需氧量、悬浮物)等分布及迁移规律的影响,采用室内模拟的方式研究不同条件下(结冰比例、结冰温度及方式、初始浓度)各典型环境因子在冰-水相间的分布及迁移规律,采用物质分配系数(K)表征环境因子的迁移能力。结果表明,结冰过程中冰体对环境因子具有排斥作用,不同条件下微塑料赋存对环境因子的分布规律均有一定程度的影响,由于微塑料自身特性致使原本应迁移至冰下水体中的环境因子部分滞留于冰体中,导致冰体中环境因子浓度的提高,为对照组冰体中环境因子浓度的1.13~1.49倍;同时使冰下水体中环境因子浓度下降,为对照组冰下水体中环境因子浓度的0.73~0.93倍;微塑料的赋存同时导致环境因子分配系数K值提高0.04~0.18,致使环境因子向冰下水体迁移的能力下降,但微塑料的赋存并未改变结冰过程中环境因子由冰体向冰下水体迁移的趋势,微塑料对于环境因子的携带作用小于冰体对环境因子的排斥作用;同时不同条件下结冰过程中微塑料对环境因子分布与迁移机理的影响均可以从结晶学角度与共晶理论得到解释。     

基质性毒物对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的单独和联合抑制效应

采用分批培养试验和连续培养试验研究了基质性毒物(氨和亚硝酸)对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的单独和联合抑制效应.试验结果表明,分批培养时,氨和亚硝酸对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的半抑制浓度及95%可信限分别为1670.3(1518.3~1832.4)mg·L~(-1)和565.3(239.0~916.3)mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸毒性大于氨;氨和亚硝酸对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的联合抑制效应为独立作用,二者各自对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物产生毒害.在中性环境和高浓度基质条件,高浓度的游离氨和游离亚硝酸会抑制厌氧氨氧化富集培养物,防止游离态基质浓度过高是解决基质自抑制的重要手段.连续培养时,随着氨浓度的上升,反应器效能和联氨含量基本稳定;随着亚硝酸浓度的上升,反应器效能急剧下降,联氨快速累积.基质亚硝酸对厌氧氨氧化富集培养物的抑制源于联氨脱氢步骤受阻,细胞能量代谢不畅,所积累的中间产物联氨作为抑制物可能会进一步加剧抑制效应.