Effects of experience with access regimes on stewardship behaviors of small-scale fishers

Governance regimes that assign exclusive access to support collective action are increasingly promoted to manage common-pool resources under the premise that they foster environmental stewardship. However, experimental evidence linked to existing policies that support this premise is lacking. Overlapping access policies in small-scale fisheries provide a unique opportunity to test the effects of access regimes on users’ stewardship behaviors. We performed a lab-in-the-field experiment to assess how fishers’ previous experience with access regimes relates to compliance and peer enforcement (n = 120). Fishers’ compliance and peer-enforcement decisions were compared in a common-pool-resource game. Treatments differed in framing to represent exclusive access and pseudo-open access regimes, both of which fishers face in real life. To contrast behavior in the game with real-life observations, we compared fishers’ associations that have shown relatively high and low management performance under exclusive access policies. Compliance and peer enforcement were higher under the exclusive access treatment than under the pseudo-open access treatment only for fishers’ associations with high management performance in real life. Behaviors in the game reflected differences between associations in real life. Our results support previous research on ocean governance by experimentally assessing the role of access regimes in determining users’ stewardship and suggest potential mechanisms for stewardship internalization.     

Place‐based and data‐rich citizen science as a precursor for conservation action

Environmental education strategies have customarily placed substantial focus on enhancing ecological knowledge and literacy with the hope that, upon discovering relevant facts and concepts, participants will be better equipped to process and dissect environmental issues and, therefore, make more informed decisions. The assumption is that informed citizens will become active citizens––enthusiastically lobbying for, and participating in, conservation‐oriented action. We surveyed and interviewed and used performance data from 432 participants in the Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST), a scientifically rigorous citizen science program, to explore measurable change in and links between understanding and action. We found that participation in rigorous citizen science was associated with significant increases in participant knowledge and skills; a greater connection to place and, secondarily, to community; and an increasing awareness of the relative impact of anthropogenic activities on local ecosystems specifically through increasing scientific understanding of the ecosystem and factors affecting it. Our results suggest that a place‐based, data‐rich experience linked explicitly to local, regional, and global issues can lead to measurable change in individual and collective action, expressed in our case study principally through participation in citizen science and community action and communication of program results to personal acquaintances and elected officials. We propose the following tenets of conservation literacy based on emergent themes and the connections between them explicit in our data: place‐based learning creates personal meaning making; individual experience nested within collective (i.e., program‐wide) experience facilitates an understanding of the ecosystem process and function at local and regional scales; and science‐based meaning making creates informed concern (i.e., the ability to discern both natural and anthropogenic forcing), which allows individuals to develop a personalized prioritization schema and engage in conservation action.     

Design trade-offs in rights-based management of small-scale fisheries

Small-scale fisheries collectively have a large ecological footprint and are key sources of food security, especially in developing countries. Many of the data-intensive approaches to fishery management are infeasible in these fisheries, but a strategy that has emerged to overcome these challenges is the establishment of territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFs). In this approach, exclusive fishing zones are established for groups of stakeholders, which eliminates the race to fish with other groups. A key challenge, however, is setting the size of TURFs—too large and the number of stakeholders sharing them impedes collective action, and too small and the movement of target fish species in and out of the TURFs effectively removes the community's exclusive access. We assessed the size of 137 TURFs from across the globe relative to this design challenge by applying theoretical models that predict their performance. We estimated that roughly two-thirds of these TURFs were sized ideally to overcome the challenges posed by resource movement and fisher group size. However, for most of the remaining TURFs, all possible sizes were either too small to overcome the resource-movement challenge or too large to overcome the collective action challenge. Our results suggest these fisheries, which target mobile species in densely populated regions, may need additional interventions to be successful.     

高大模板支撑体系坍塌事故不安全行为原因分析

为预防高大模板支撑体系建筑施工坍塌事故的发生,选取2000-2016年间的31起高大模板支撑体系建筑施工坍塌事故案例,运用事故统计与分析方法,以行为安全“2-4”模型为理论依据,对31起事故中的不安全动作及其规律进行研究。研究表明:出现频次最高的事故等级为较大事故。一线作业人员因安全知识不足“不知道是否应该设置剪刀撑”引发不安全动作“剪刀撑数量不足或未设置剪刀撑”的发生率为71.43%,因安全意识缺乏“没意识到杆件距离过大给施工带来的危险”引发不安全动作“立杆间距和横杆步距过大”的发生率为78.57%;管理人员因安全意识缺乏“没意识到按规定进行安全交底的重要性”引发不安全动作“未进行安全技术交底”的发生率为78.57%,因不佳安全习惯“按照以前的方案习惯施工”引发不安全动作“未制定专项施工方案”的发生率为83.33%。因此,减少不安全动作的首要任务是加强一线作业人员违规操作的管理,企业在制定对策措施时,应从加强一线作业人员与管理人员的安全知识、安全意识和安全习惯入手,预防不安全动作的发生,进而有效预防事故。     

部分含J-型剂量-效应关系二元混合物的毒性效应(Toxicities of Binary Mixtures Including at Least One Component with J-Shaped Dose-Response Curve)

低剂量刺激高剂量抑制的Hormesis效应常常呈现J-型剂量-效应关系,如何评价Hormesis污染物及其混合物的毒性目前尚未解决.选择微板毒性分析法(Microplate Toxicity Analysis,MTA)获得的具有J-型剂量-效应关系的丙酮、乙腈及S-型剂量效应关系的二甲亚砜为混合物组分,以直接均分射线法构建丙酮-二甲亚砜(J-S型)、乙腈-二甲亚砜(J-S型)和丙酮-乙腈(J-J型)3个二元混合物体系,利用不同效应浓度水平下以浓度加和为参考模型的多个等效线图分析污染物的毒性变化规律.结果表明,所有二元混合物仍然具有J-型浓度-效应关系特征,除丙酮-乙腈二元混合体系在1个效应浓度水平下可能呈现协同特征外,其余二元混合物在不同效应浓度水平均表现为拮抗特征.     

环境混合物的联合毒性研究方法

人类和其他生物通过多重途径暴露于大量的环境污染物中。单一化合物由于其在环境中非常低的浓度使得人们忽视其可能的健康危害,然而,多种化合物在环境中同时存在,就意味着更加复杂的联合作用的可能性。Something from nothing现象引起了科学界对于环境混合物加和作用和潜在协同作用的关注,致使许多研究联合毒性的数学和生物模型的提出和应用。本文综述了这些研究方法,以及未来化学混合物研究和管理面临的挑战。     

基于差错分类框架辨识人为差错

为解决人因可靠性分析中的人为差错辨识问题,提出新的工作流程。在该流程中,由人为差错引导词引导,以自问自答方式开展差错辨识工作。针对动作和决策2种差错类型,分别设计差错基本分类框架。其中,动作差错基本分类框架包括5个差错大类,10个差错小类;决策差错基本分类框架包括2个差错大类,10个差错小类。这些差错小类可作为差错辨识过程中的引导词。通过2个实例,演示这2个框架在差错辨识过程中的作用。演示结果表明,在人为差错引导词引导下开展差错辨识工作,更容易保证差错辨识结果的全面性和一致性。     

加氢装置丙烯罐泄漏事故应急救援预案

主要针对化工事业部重大危险源加氢装置丙烯罐的泄漏事故建立企业级现场预案,从应急管理的六个一级关键要素:方针与原则、应急策划、应急准备、应急响应、现场恢复和预案管理与评审改进来规范应急预案的编写,为应急救援人员进行大型事故处理和策划实地演练提供指导.     

组织间目标差异对应急合作关系的影响 ——信息分享行为的中介作用及任务不确定性的调节效应

合作关系质量的高低直接影响应急活动的成败,如何改善合作关系,从而提高协同绩效是应急管理领域亟待解决的问题。探讨组织间目标差异对应急合作关系的影响,并重点分析信息分享行为和任务不确定性在以上关系中所起的中介作用及调节效应。通过对239位基层应急指挥人员的问卷调查数据进行层级回归分析发现:组织间目标差异对应急合作关系有显著的负向影响;信息分享行为在二者之间起到部分中介作用;任务不确定性对组织间目标差异与社会确认之间的关系没有显著影响,但对组织间目标差异与目标确认之间的关系存在显著的负向影响。结论表明,高层应急指挥人员可采用信息公告牌、制定信息沟通内容结构框架的措施来约束社会确认信息的传递。     

可散式弹链拉断力变化规律研究

目的 确保弹箱内的弹链(抱弹状态)在库房存放一段时间后依然稳定供弹,描述可散式弹链拉断力在不同温度环境下的变化规律.方法 应用环境作用动力学理论,建立可散式弹链的拉断力变化微分方程,求解可散式弹链的拉断力变化微分方程,得到可散式弹链拉断力变化规律的微分方程通解,再通过高温加速试验数据,求得可散式弹链拉断力变化规律的微分...