专用叶面营养对叶菜的增产效果及其机理研究

采用大田试验研究专用叶面营养液对主要叶菜的增产效果;并以芥菜为供试叶菜系统研究了专用叶面营养液对叶菜的增产机理。结果表明;专用叶面营养液可明显促进芥菜对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分的吸收,提高叶片硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量及光合速率,增加产量和改善品质。专用叶面营养液分别优于这种营养液中的营养物质和生长调节剂。芥菜喷施专用叶面营养液,与对照相比,叶绿素含量、光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性分别增加２０．２％、３６％、１．２０１μｇ／（ｇ·ｈ）;平均增产２４．６％;Ｖｃ、可溶性糖分别增加８７ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１．７ｇ／ｋｇ。     

取代苯甲醛衍生物的定量结构-活性关系(QSAR)研究

本文研究了反应性化合物取代苯甲醛衍生物对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的48h急性毒性,建立了定量结构-活性关系模型,探讨了其毒性作用机制,发现其毒性主要取决于笨环上取代基的Hammett电效应常数.模型预测结果与实验结果基本一致     

有机污染物对水生生物毒性作用机理的判别及影响因素

有机污染物对水生生物急性毒性作用机理的判别及影响因素是定量结构与活性相关研究的基础,对准确预测有机污染物对水生生物的毒性具有重要的意义.本文根据目前国内外在该领域的研究现状和本课题组在该领域的研究成果,系统地总结了有机污染物对水生生物的急性毒性作用机理、毒性作用机理的判别方法、及影响毒性作用机理判别的因素.有机污染物对水生生物的急性毒性作用机理可分为非极性麻醉型、极性麻醉型、反应型和特殊作用型;化合物的毒性比率、毒性临界值和结构警示是目前判别毒性作用机理的主要方法;有机化合物的生物富集、非生物转化、生物代谢、离子化率和溶解度是毒性作用机理判别的主要影响因素.     

生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的作用效应及其影响因素探讨

气候变暖已成为当今全球关注的焦点。农田生态系统作为CO2、CH4、N2O等温室气体的主要排放源,在全球温室效应中起重要作用。近年来,由于生物质炭在改善土壤性质,提高土壤碳汇和控制农业温室气体排放方面的巨大应用潜力,特别是对土壤碳的增汇减排作用,已成为土壤学和环境科学的研究热点。目前,关于生物质炭在农田温室气体排放方面的影响研究主要集中在我国华中、太湖平原、成都平原等地。然而由于受空间地域、实验条件等因素的差异,众多学者开展生物质炭作用于农田温室气体排放的研究结果不尽相同,也未曾见有报道从影响因素的角度深入探讨其作用机制。综述对比了近几年来国内外关于生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的影响研究,并从生物质炭的种类、施炭量、应用的土壤类型以及耕作方式和施肥条件等因素探讨了生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的作用机制。旨在通过改变生物质炭的种类和施炭量等条件,从而为抑制农业温室气体的排放乃至缓解全球气候变化提供可靠的科学依据。综合各项研究发现,秸秆炭在抑制农田温室气体排放方面要优于其他种生物质炭;40 t·hm-2的施炭量是一个既能提高作物产量又能实现固碳减排目标的较好选择;单作物耕作方式和合理的保护性耕作技术有利于减少农田温室气体的排放;在肥料的施用选择上,施用氮磷钾有机肥比普通氮肥更能有效地减少农田温室气体的综合排放效应。然而,从微生物活性和群落结构变化的角度深入探讨生物质炭作用于农田温室气体排放的微观机理及其温室气体减排还仍需进一步的研究。     

改进的整合加和模型INFCIM及其应用于混合物毒性预测

目前,准确预测混合物毒性仍然面临着挑战, 为改进现有整合加和模型INFCIM,将该模型中“浓度=浓度+效应”形式修改为更加科学合理的“浓度=浓度+浓度”形式.利用分子电性距离矢量(MEDV)表征混合物组分的分子结构,以模糊数学中的隶属函数表征混合物组分的相似性和相异性,从而构建新的整合加和模型.利用6组六元混合物(共72个样本)验证模型的预测能力,结果表明,改进的模型能够准确预测无相互作用混合物毒性.在改进的模型中,利用多组混合物作为校正集,克服了INFCIM模型仅使用少量混合物数据作为校正集的缺点,使之更加可靠和具有代表性.     

作用度在风险评价变权重中的优化和应用

权重设定是风险评价重要内容之一,其在传统风险评价运用时的不变性和设定时的主观性会影响评价精度。作用度是后验概率的函数,利用作用度设定权重能降低先验概率的影响,通过将作用度优化到风险因子的取值上,实现实时评价过程中的变权重,从而提高风险评价效能。     

Doing good,but looking bad? Local perceptions of two humanitarian organisations in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

This paper examines local perceptions of two international humanitarian organisations, the International Rescue Committee (IRC) and Malteser International, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (formerly known as Zaire). At times, the self‐perception of these organisations differs considerably from the perceptions of local beneficiaries and stakeholders. This study begins by reviewing the current status of research on local perceptions of externally‐introduced humanitarian action. It goes on to discuss the local perceptions of the IRC and Malteser International, as well as the origins of these perceptions, and to show that three different narratives are used by local actors to explain their different perceptions. The paper ends with an examination of the factors that help to account for the differences in perceptions and of the implications of this type of research for humanitarian principles and management, as well as for the study of local perceptions.     

3种氯酚化合物对大型溞的联合毒性

氯酚类化合物是我国水体中广泛存在的一类优先控制污染物,以大型溞(Daphnia magna)为试验生物,测定了2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对大型溞的48 h致死的单一毒性和联合毒性.基于单一氯酚化合物的浓度-效应曲线,运用浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(IA)2个模型对2种等毒性浓度比的混合物(Mix-LC5...     

Conflict and Engagement: An Empirical Study of a Farmer-Extension Partnership in a Sustainable Agriculture Program

Stakeholder engagement is a crucial conceptof extension education. Engagement expressesdemocratic values of the land-grant mission byproviding opportunities for stakeholders to influenceprogram planning, including setting the agenda andnegotiating resource allocations. In practice, theconcept of engagement guides the formation ofpartnerships among extension, communities, industry,and government. In the area of sustainableagriculture, however, stakeholders may conflict,presenting challenges to the engagement process.Results from a study of a Canadian sustainableagriculture program, produced using culturalanthropology and participatory action research, detailchallenges of the engagement process that led toreconstruction of a farmer-extension partnership.Notable in the early phase of the reconstructionprocess were critical reflection, stakeholder forums,exclusion through caucusing, and coalition building.An argument for a neo-pragmatist view provides atheoretical basis for understanding counterintuitivedimensions of engagement revealed by the study.     

Aligning the logics of inquiry and action to address the biodiversity crisis

Despite an abundance of research reaffirming biodiversity's importance to the health of the planet and society, species continue to go extinct at an alarming rate. Why has continued research on the value of biodiversity not had the intended effect and what can be done about it? We considered biodiversity loss as a public value failure and the result of a misalignment between the logic of inquiry (which guides scientists) and the logic of action (which guides practitioners). We drew lessons from our own research to propose the creation of a national biodiversity strategy designed to link the logic of inquiry with the logic of action and coordinate the production of actionable conservation science and informed conservation action.