Aligning the logics of inquiry and action to address the biodiversity crisis

Despite an abundance of research reaffirming biodiversity's importance to the health of the planet and society, species continue to go extinct at an alarming rate. Why has continued research on the value of biodiversity not had the intended effect and what can be done about it? We considered biodiversity loss as a public value failure and the result of a misalignment between the logic of inquiry (which guides scientists) and the logic of action (which guides practitioners). We drew lessons from our own research to propose the creation of a national biodiversity strategy designed to link the logic of inquiry with the logic of action and coordinate the production of actionable conservation science and informed conservation action.     

A2/O除磷新工艺的研究及其微生物学原理

在除磷与脱氮的联合工艺中,由于两过程所涉及的微生物在性质及最佳代谢条件上有较大差别,在同一处理流程中很难达到协调而稳定地运行问题,在传统生物除磷工艺原理基础上,就新近发现的A2/O反硝化除磷技术新工艺及其微生物学原理特点,重点介绍A2/O反硝化除磷过程中的缺氧阶段中以NO-3作为最终电子受体时,厌氧条件下释磷规律,缺氧条件下磷的去除效果以及缺氧阶段氮的变化情况.     

A theory of scaling for community-based fisheries management

Community-based approaches to fisheries management has emerged as a mainstream strategy to govern dispersed, diverse and dynamic small scale fisheries. However, amplifying local community led sustainability outcomes remains an enduring challenge. We seek to fill a theoretical gap in the conceptualization of ‘scaling up community-based fisheries management’. We draw on literature of agriculture innovations to provide a framework that takes into account process-driven and structural change occurring across multiple levels of governance, as well as different phases of scaling. We hypothesize that successful scaling requires engagement with all aspects of a governing regime, coalescing a range of actors, and therefore, is an enterprise that is larger than its parts. To demonstrate where the framework offers value, we illustrate the development of community-based fisheries management in Vanuatu according to the framework’s main scaling dimensions.     

Building resilience to El Niño‐related drought: experiences in early warning and early action from Nicaragua and Ethiopia

Forecast‐based drought early warning/early action has been hampered by both inadequate decision‐making frameworks and a lack of appropriate funding mechanisms. Rural communities in Nicaragua and Ethiopia that have participated in resilience‐building interventions of varying durations demonstrate the value of community‐based actions informed by early warning, forecasts and drought management advice, both before and during the agricultural season. While drought affected all crops negatively, participants were better able to mitigate impacts, were more organised in accessing relief and recovered more effectively. These results are consistent with other research on the cost/benefit of anticipatory actions, use of climate services and appropriate drought management advice. They also confirm the importance of embedding short‐term early action in long‐term resilience‐building. Despite this, formal systems, national and local, remain essentially unimplemented. Systems being developed at global level now need to be operationalised and translated into effective local drought management standard operating procedures for the most vulnerable.     

作用度在风险评价变权重中的优化和应用

权重设定是风险评价重要内容之一,其在传统风险评价运用时的不变性和设定时的主观性会影响评价精度。作用度是后验概率的函数,利用作用度设定权重能降低先验概率的影响,通过将作用度优化到风险因子的取值上,实现实时评价过程中的变权重,从而提高风险评价效能。     

改进的整合加和模型INFCIM及其应用于混合物毒性预测

目前,准确预测混合物毒性仍然面临着挑战, 为改进现有整合加和模型INFCIM,将该模型中“浓度=浓度+效应”形式修改为更加科学合理的“浓度=浓度+浓度”形式.利用分子电性距离矢量(MEDV)表征混合物组分的分子结构,以模糊数学中的隶属函数表征混合物组分的相似性和相异性,从而构建新的整合加和模型.利用6组六元混合物(共72个样本)验证模型的预测能力,结果表明,改进的模型能够准确预测无相互作用混合物毒性.在改进的模型中,利用多组混合物作为校正集,克服了INFCIM模型仅使用少量混合物数据作为校正集的缺点,使之更加可靠和具有代表性.     

有机污染物对水生生物毒性作用机理的判别及影响因素

有机污染物对水生生物急性毒性作用机理的判别及影响因素是定量结构与活性相关研究的基础,对准确预测有机污染物对水生生物的毒性具有重要的意义.本文根据目前国内外在该领域的研究现状和本课题组在该领域的研究成果,系统地总结了有机污染物对水生生物的急性毒性作用机理、毒性作用机理的判别方法、及影响毒性作用机理判别的因素.有机污染物对水生生物的急性毒性作用机理可分为非极性麻醉型、极性麻醉型、反应型和特殊作用型;化合物的毒性比率、毒性临界值和结构警示是目前判别毒性作用机理的主要方法;有机化合物的生物富集、非生物转化、生物代谢、离子化率和溶解度是毒性作用机理判别的主要影响因素.     

生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的作用效应及其影响因素探讨

气候变暖已成为当今全球关注的焦点。农田生态系统作为CO2、CH4、N2O等温室气体的主要排放源,在全球温室效应中起重要作用。近年来,由于生物质炭在改善土壤性质,提高土壤碳汇和控制农业温室气体排放方面的巨大应用潜力,特别是对土壤碳的增汇减排作用,已成为土壤学和环境科学的研究热点。目前,关于生物质炭在农田温室气体排放方面的影响研究主要集中在我国华中、太湖平原、成都平原等地。然而由于受空间地域、实验条件等因素的差异,众多学者开展生物质炭作用于农田温室气体排放的研究结果不尽相同,也未曾见有报道从影响因素的角度深入探讨其作用机制。综述对比了近几年来国内外关于生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的影响研究,并从生物质炭的种类、施炭量、应用的土壤类型以及耕作方式和施肥条件等因素探讨了生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的作用机制。旨在通过改变生物质炭的种类和施炭量等条件,从而为抑制农业温室气体的排放乃至缓解全球气候变化提供可靠的科学依据。综合各项研究发现,秸秆炭在抑制农田温室气体排放方面要优于其他种生物质炭;40 t·hm-2的施炭量是一个既能提高作物产量又能实现固碳减排目标的较好选择;单作物耕作方式和合理的保护性耕作技术有利于减少农田温室气体的排放;在肥料的施用选择上,施用氮磷钾有机肥比普通氮肥更能有效地减少农田温室气体的综合排放效应。然而,从微生物活性和群落结构变化的角度深入探讨生物质炭作用于农田温室气体排放的微观机理及其温室气体减排还仍需进一步的研究。     

安全仪式感生成机制及作用机理研究

为明晰安全仪式感生成机制及其对企业安全管理促进作用机理,基于仪式与仪式感,阐述安全仪式与安全仪式感定义及“安全”核心内涵,厘清安全仪式、安全仪式感与安全管理关系,探讨安全仪式感产生的3个基本条件和4个时期,剖析安全仪式感的5个功能,并构建安全仪式感在安全管理中的功能作用模型。研究结果表明：安全仪式感能正向引导员工安全行为,可提升企业安全管理水平。     

Governance experiments in climate action: empirical findings from the 28 European Union countries

Climate targets call for novel policy measures to facilitate widespread adoption of low-carbon solutions and innovations. The literature on socio-technical systems argues that experimentation has a prominent role in enabling sustainability transition. Experiments represent ways of testing new ideas and methods across a wide range of policy fields. Governance experiments in particular can support accelerated diffusion of new solutions, because they integrate policy with innovations. Here, types of success factors in the implementation of governance experiments to mitigate climate change are examined. Statistical analysis of sustainability innovations in the 28 European Union countries indicates that the types of success factors in governance experiments differ from those of product and social experiments. Governance experimentation is more positioned within socio-technical regimes than in strategic niches. These results suggest that governance experiments may indeed provide new transition opportunities towards low-carbon societies.