光电产品可靠性试验常见故障分析

结合型号可靠性试验工作。阐述了光电产品可靠性试验的特点及其故障判据。针对光学器件和光电产品的特点,以光电显示系统、瞄准具及热像仪等产品为例。对光电产品在可靠性试验过程中发生的故障模式、故障机理和故障原因进行了分析。     

Graduated stringency within collective incentives for group environmental compliance: Building coordination in field-lab experiments with artisanal gold miners in Colombia

Small-scale gold mining is important to rural livelihoods in the developing world but also a source of environmental externalities. Incentives for individual producers are the classic policy response for a socially efficient balance between livelihoods and the environment. Yet monitoring individual miners is ineffective, or it is very costly, especially on frontiers with scattered small-scale miners. We ask whether monitoring at a group level effectively incentivizes cleaner artisanal mining by combining lower-cost external monitoring with local collective action. We employ a mining-framed, threshold-public-goods experiment in Colombia's Pacific region, with 640 participants from frontier mining communities. To study compliance with collective environmental targets, we vary the target stringency, including to compare increases over time in the stringency versus decreases. We find that collective incentives can induce efficient equilibria, with group compliance – and even inefficient overcompliance – despite the existence of equilibria with zero contributions. Yet, for demanding targets in which the reward for compliance barely outweighs the cost, compliance can collapse. Those outcomes improve with past successes for easier targets, however, so our results suggest gain from building coordination via graduated stringency.     

有机氯类农药在残留剂量下联合诱导乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖的机制研究

有机氯类农药为已确定的环境雌激素,易在体内蓄积产生慢性毒性危害人体健康。选择单一存在时无明显雌激素效应的残留剂量进行联合试验,观察联合作用后雌激素效应的增减。选取乳腺癌MCF-7细胞作为研究对象,对残留剂量下六氯苯(HCB)、β-六六六(β-BHC)和p,p’-滴滴涕(p,p’-DDT)联合后的雌激素效应机制进行了研究。首先,运用MTT法观察3种有机氯类农药残留剂量下单独和联合作用对MCF-7细胞生长的影响;然后,运用流式细胞仪测定有机氯类农药联合对MCF-7细胞周期的影响;之后,采用Western Blot法测定有机氯类农药联合后ERα、ERβ、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2、Ki67、c-Myc和Cyclin D1蛋白表达的变化。结果显示,β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组、HCB+β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组作用24 h后细胞增殖率为115.0%、120.1%,作用48 h后增殖率为121.2%、126.3%,其他联合组与对照相比未发生明显变化;β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组、HCB+β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组中MCF-7细胞的G1期细胞比例下降,S期细胞比例上升,细胞呈高增殖状态;β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组、HCB+β-BHC+p,p’-DDT组和雌二醇(E2)组作用48 h后,均降低ERα的蛋白表达,升高ERβ的蛋白表达,促进p-ERK1/2、Ki67、Cyclin D1和c-Myc的蛋白表达。研究表明,在单一作用时不具有雌激素效应的残留剂量下,仅β-BHC+p,p’-DDT联合组和HCB+β-BHC+p,p’-DDT联合组具有明显雌激素效应,其效应机制为经雌激素受体途径,激活ERβ蛋白表达,抑制ERα蛋白表达,促进p-ERK1/2、Ki67、c-Myc和Cyclin D1等相关蛋白的表达。     

中药免疫增强剂抗肿瘤作用机理及物质基础

近年来,中药免疫增强剂的作用机理及物质基础逐渐被现代医学不断研究揭示.研究表明中药中的多糖类,苷类,黄酮类,挥发油类等成分能提高机体的免疫能力,能够明显增强免疫器官的重量,增强体液免疫和细胞免疫及促进机体产生细胞因子等作用.参31.     

建筑物人员疏散行动时间的预测研究

针对目前疏散模型忽略房间中障碍物对人员行动的影响,笔者提出一种“L型”行动路线,并对空间节点进行了细化,根据网络控制型原理,建立了更为完善合理的疏散行动时间预测数学模型。在该研究的基础上,开发出了高层建筑人员疏散行动时间预测软件,该软件具有计算速度快、动态模拟性强的特点。通过实例计算对比国外公式,证明了节点细化的正确性和开发软件的适用性及可靠性。     

14C-Ethion residues in soybean seeds: metabolic pathway,effect of processing,bioavailability, toxicity and protective action of artichoke leaf powder towards rats

The metabolic fate of ethion labeled with ¹⁴C-at the ethyl ester groups in soybean seeds following topical application to leaves was studied. Chromatographic analysis of soybean oil revealed the presence of the parent compound together with four metabolites which were identified as ethion monooxon, ethion dioxon, O-ethyl phosphorothioate and O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate. The effect of processing on ethion residues in soybean oil was investigated. The refined oil contained small amounts of the ¹⁴C-residues originally present (37.5%). Upon feeding rats with the cake containing ethion bound residues, a substantial amount of ¹⁴C-residues was eliminated in the urine (73%), and about 6% excreted with the feces. About 5% of the radioactive residues were distributed among various organs. Mature male Wistar rats were fed on soybean seeds containing ethion residues (1.93 ppm), and on artichoke leaves powder (1% W/W) for four weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the ethion-treated group had a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. The ethion-treated rats also had a lower total serum protein and albumin levels, as well as acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity as compared with controls. Moreover, concomitant treatment with artichoke leaf powder improved, at least partially, all the biochemical parameters that were altered by ethion.     

In acceptance we trust? Conceptualising acceptance as a viable approach to NGO security management

This paper documents current understanding of acceptance as a security management approach and explores issues and challenges non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) confront when implementing an acceptance approach to security management. It argues that the failure of organisations to systematise and clearly articulate acceptance as a distinct security management approach and a lack of organisational policies and procedures concerning acceptance hinder its efficacy as a security management approach. The paper identifies key and cross‐cutting components of acceptance that are critical to its effective implementation in order to advance a comprehensive and systematic concept of acceptance. The key components of acceptance illustrate how organisational and staff functions affect positively or negatively an organisation's acceptance, and include: an organisation's principles and mission, communications, negotiation, programming, relationships and networks, stakeholder and context analysis, staffing, and image. The paper contends that acceptance is linked not only to good programming, but also to overall organisational management and structures.     

隧道爆破震动对新喷混凝土的累积损伤计算

为减少隧道爆破震动对初衬喷射混凝土的损伤,通过现场质点震速监测和信号分析,根据爆破动力学理论,探讨混凝土龄期对累积损伤的影响。综合考虑质点震速、初始损伤、混凝土强度和龄期等因素,提出单次爆破对混凝土的损伤增量及多次爆破对混凝土的累积损伤的计算方法。研究结果表明:混凝土的破坏是一个损伤的累积过程,单次爆破的损伤增量超过增量阈值并不一定造成材料的破坏;在混凝土中掺入早强剂有显著减震效果。将该方法应用于工程实例,提出新喷混凝土的爆破安全准则。     

Simulation of pedestrian contra-flow by multi-agent DEM model with self-evasive action model

A pedestrian contra-flow can be seen frequently in urban spaces such as a pedestrian crossing, an open space and a concourse. A pedestrian simulation with taking a pedestrian contra-flow into account will be a rational tool for designing urban pedestrian facilities. The objective of our research is to develop a microscopic model for a pedestrian contra-flow. Although we have been developing a DEM (Distinct Element Method)-based microscopic model of crowd behavior, this conventional crowd behavior model does not necessarily provide satisfactory agreement with an observation in a pedestrian crossing with heavy commute traffic. In this paper, we newly develop a self-evasive action model, which can describe either a collision avoidance or an alignment behavior between adjacent pedestrians. The multi-agent DEM model with the self-evasive action model shows good predictions of the characteristics of pedestrian contra-flow.     

基于系统理论事故模型与过程的危险性分析方法

传统危险性分析方法将事故视为开始事件诱发的一连串事件所造成的不幸后果,适于处理相对简单或由物理组件构成的系统,但无法胜 任较为复杂的社会技术系统,有必要研究和探索推广性更好、更为有效的系统安全分析手段。系统理论事故模型与过程（STAMP）将安全视为系 统组件间交互的一种涌现特性,并认为事故起因除了组件失效,组件间交互失常而违背安全约束也是重要诱因。主张在系统开发、设计和运行 中通过加强控制和强化有关安全约束来预防事故。基于此,先引入了STAMP的基本概念,并介绍了其分析步骤,然后,以贴近真实的导弹拦截系 统危险性分析案例,阐述了基于STAMP的分析过程。该分析方法可为开发较高安全性水平的社会技术系统提供技术支持。