国际船舶油污损害赔偿机制评述

介绍和分析了国际船舶油污损害赔偿机制的运转概况，特别注重论述了其主要经验和特点，以供参考。     

开远市大气污染物排放交易政策的实施

通过开远市能耗、排污及大气环境质量的现状,说明了实施大气排污交易政策的必要性,论述了开远市实施大气排污交易政策的类型、规则、管理办法,并以排污交易的实例说明了大气排污交易政策的做法和效益。      

A Rapid Method to Score Stream Reaches Based on the Overall Performance of Their Main Ecological Functions

A method was developed to score the ecological condition of first- to third-order stream reaches in the Auckland region of New Zealand based on the performance of their key ecological functions. Such a method is required by consultants and resource managers to quantify the reduction in ecological condition of a modified stream reach relative to its unmodified state. This is a fundamental precursor for the determination of fair environmental compensation for achieving no-net-loss in overall stream ecological value. Field testing and subsequent use of the method indicated that it provides a useful measure of ecological condition related to the performance of stream ecological functions. It is relatively simple to apply compared to a full ecological study, is quick to use, and allows identification of the degree of impairment of each of the key ecological functions. The scoring system was designed so that future improvements in the measurement of stream functions can be incorporated into it. Although the methodology was specifically designed for Auckland streams, the principles can be readily adapted to other regions and stream types.     

Optimization of contactless transformer coupling transmission system by Taguchi method

A contactless transformer coupling (CTC) transmission system transmits electric energy via an alternating magnetic field through an air-gap. The transmitted power can be enhanced by the application of resonant effects. Transmitting and receiving coils are usually single layer solenoids with series capacitors, which, in combination, allow the receiving element to be tuned to the required transmitter frequency. An input DC source is used to obtain high-frequency AC signal through the standardized half-bridge DC/AC switching circuit. Further, the high-frequency signal passes through matching transformer and contactless coupling induction coil, which can be considered as an isolated input and output stage. Coupling must be tight to achieve high efficiency. This paper then applies the methods of Taguchi parameter design forthe contactless transformer coupling transmission system, which enhances the output voltage, loss factor, and output efficiency of the transmission system. The results of measurement verify the feasibility of this structure in the experiment.     

Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance in China: In Need of Strong Government Backing

Environmental pollution liability insurance was officially introduced in China only in 2006, as part of new market-based approaches for managing environmental risks. By 2012, trial applications of pollution insurance had been launched in 14 provinces and cities. More than ten insurance companies have entered the pollution insurance market with their own products and contracts. Companies in environmentally sensitive sectors and high-risk industries bought pollution insurance, and a few successful compensation cases have been reported. Still, pollution insurance faces a number of challenges in China. The absence of a national law weakens the legal basis of pollution insurance, and poor technical support stagnates further implementation. Moreover, current pollution insurance products have limited risk coverage, high premium rates, and low loss ratios, which make them fairly unattractive to polluters. Meanwhile, low awareness of environmental and social liabilities leads to limited demand for pollution insurance products by industrial companies. Hence, the pollution insurance market is not yet flourishing in China. To improve this situation, this economic instrument needs stronger backing by the Chinese state.     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

试谈建立森林生态效益补偿制度

总结分析了浙江省森林生态效益补助资金试点工作存在的问题。研究提出了以森林生态效益补助资金试点工作为基础,积极探索建立森林生态效益补偿制度、努力形成“谁受益、谁补偿,全社会受益政府统筹、社会投入”的新型机制,真正使森林生态建设有一个可靠的资金来源保障。     

中国道路建设生态补偿机制建立的理论思考

生态补偿是目前研究的一个热门课题,建立生态补偿机制是一项复杂的系统工程。本文以道路生态补偿为例,概括了中国道路建设的现状和建立生态补偿机制的必要性,重点从理论上分析了中国建立道路建设生态补偿机制的思路和实现途径。     

加快环境污染损害赔偿立法——重庆壁山双木生化有限公司环境污染案评析

本文通过对重庆壁山县双木生化有限公司环境污染案件的剖析,建议加快环境污染损害赔偿立法,切实保障污染受害者的合法权益.     

SO2气体污染水稻的鉴定与赔偿依据的探讨

通过对水稻受ＳＯ２气体污染后症状的确诊，以及污染程度的分析，提出了水稻受损的赔偿依据。