不稳定边坡治理方案的多层次模糊综合群决策

不稳定边坡治理方案的选择经常涉及到的是可行域为有限集的多层次模糊综合群决策问题。本文基于边坡工程知识,构造了不稳定边坡治理方案的评判指标层次结构,应用系统工程、模糊数学等知识,建立了不稳定边坡治理方案的多层次模糊综合群决策模型,从而使不稳定边坡治理方案选择更趋合理、科学。     

表面过滤技术在石灰窑气上的应用

使用寿命长的微孔薄膜复合滤料过滤石灰窑气,把温度控制在78～200℃之间。过滤风速小于2.50m/min以内,就可以确保净化后的窑气含尘浓度达标。     

Sources of Deforestation in Tropical Developing Countries

/ Key causes of tropical deforestation are investigated using cross-sectional data for 90 developing countries for the period 1981-1990. Regression results reveal that deforestation is associated with both development and scarcity. Deforestation accelerates with expanding infrastructure, trade, debt, investment in the human capital base, and resource-based economic expansion. On the other hand, absolute and relative scarcities-manifested by growing population pressures, food and land shortages, fuelwood dependency, and inequalities in access to land-are also key factors explaining forest loss. Thus, results point to a fundamental environmental conundrum: Development is required if countries are to alleviate scarcity-driven forms of forest exploitation but is itself a major cause of deforestation. Can countries balance development goals with forest protection? Setting aside the issue of its practical realization, the paper concludes that forest sustainable development cannot be achieved by implementing simple technical improvements in land-use practices alone. Securing the foundations for the sustainability of the forest base will require that countries address the underlying social processes driving tropical forest loss as well.KEY WORDS: Tropical deforestation; Developing countries; Rural land-use practices; Development; Scarcity.     

Formulation of resource depletion index

A resource depletion index can serve as a quantitative tool to evaluate the level of depletion for natural resources. This study introduces two types of resource depletion indices, the global resource depletion index and the local resource depletion index. Global resource depletion index mainly concerns global reserves and the annual consumption rate of these resources. The local resource depletion index not only considers global reserves and their annual consumption rate, but also considers the local factors such as local reserves, local recycling rates, and local resource import characteristics. This study considers the local resource characteristics of Taiwan and develops calculations for local resource depletion indexes for the resources of cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc.     

综合整治府南河走可持续发展之路

府南河工程带动成都市城市基础设施建设,产生了巨大 在的社会效益,促进了环境保护及城市生态的良性循环,造就了成都市建设现代化商贸中心的前提条件,为成都市的可持续发展奠定了基础。     

超大规模工业厂房突破防火规范问题及其技术研究

超大规模工业厂越来越多地应用于工业生产，但与我国现行防火技术规范存在突出的矛盾，有些地方甚至突破了我国现行防火技术规范。本文即对这一矛盾进行典型事例分析，并研究上应的安全措施。     

鲁西地区综合开发与可持续发展研究

鲁西地区资源丰富，开发程度低，经济较落后。京九铁路建成后为鲁西带来了较大的发展机遇，抓住这一机遇加快开发鲁西的意义重大。本文分析了鲁西资源条件、开发现状和存在的问题，提出了综合开发和可持续发展的对策。     

环境影响评价与可持续发展

我国经济发展必须符合可持续发展的战略方针，可持续发展是传统发展方式的一种新变革，它在保证经济增长的同时，要求与生态环境保护相适应，以达到提高人民生活质量和健康水平的目的。我国在过去２０多年来，环境影响评价在协调环境与发展的关系中起了重要作用。本文则着重论述可持续发展的战略观点对环境影响评价在思想、内容和方法上所赋予的新的任务和要求，环境影响评价必须适应这一变革、以迎接人类社会面临的严重挑战。     

Economics of an ecotourism operation in Belize

The economic inputs and outputs for the Possum Point Biological Station in Belize during 1990–1992 are described to illustrate some aspects of an ecotourism operation. Eight hundred fifty-four people in 59 groups visited Possum Point during the study period to tour rain forests, estuaries, and coral reefs. The economic input to Possum Point from these groups increased from $74,552 in 1990 to $166,268 in 1992. Outputs were for license fees, capital improvements, goods and services, labor, fossil fuels, and development of a historic sugar mill site. An annual donation was also made to a scholarship fund for local Belizean students. The net cash balance of income and outputs changed from negative (−$6678) in 1990 to positive (+$4811) in 1992, suggesting development of the economic operation. Possum Point meets the economic criteria for ecotourism by feeding back some tourist monies for community and environmental support, particularly donations for the sugar mill site and the scholarship fund. Most of the outputs from Possum Point (about 80%) were retained in the local economy through employment and purchases, which have a positive influence on the local community. We conclude that ecotourism operations, such as Possum Point, offer important sustainable development opportunities for Belize.     

Ethical obligations of veterinarians and animal scientists in animal agriculture

It is patent that society is evolving an ethic for the treatment of animals which goes well beyond the standard prohibitions against cruelty. This new ethic for animals takes the consensus ethic for the treatment of humans in society and extends it,mutatis mutandis, to the treatment of animals. Though this ethic has been applied first to research animals, its extension to agricultural animals is inevitable, and has already begun. This article explores the extent to which veterinary medicine and animal science, the major scientific fields relevant to animal agriculture, can accommodate the emerging ethic.