揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之谜

水华（亦称湖靛）是湖泊富营养化最恶劣的表征之一。武汉东湖７０年代至１９８４年间每年夏季出现蓝藻水华,１９８５年起突然消失,至今已有１４年没有重现,原因何在？通过三次设在湖里的围隔试验,证明鲢鳙的大量放养,是水华消失的决定性因素。     

Vitellogenin induction in Cyprinus carpio treated with 17beta-estradiol and 4-nonylphenol

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate induction ofvitellogenin in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as abiomarker for monitoring freshwater ecosystems. Sexually undifferentiated specimens of common carp were treated experimentally with 17-estradiol and increasing doses of 4-nonylphenol and levels of plasma Vtg were measured in orderto: 1) validate an ELISA assay for plasma Vtg in the common carpusing the polyclonal rabbit anti-salmon Vtg antibody AA1 (Biosense, Norway); 2) check the sensitivity of carp juvenilesin producing Vtg in response to estrogen stimulation. The grouptreated with 17-estradiol showed high induction (156%)with respect to controls, also groups treated with 4-nonylphenolshowed induction of Vtg. The group treated with 100 mg kg^-1b.wt showed an induction of 61%. A statistically significantcorrelation was found between dose and response. This preliminary study demonstrate a response to the ELISA assay for Vtg in the common carp using rabbit anti-salmon antibody AA1. With further evidence the tested biomarker might be proposed for large scale monitoring of estrogenic effects caused by pollution in urban and industrial effluents.     

浮桥河水库的营养状况与水质调控措施

浮桥河水库总磷含量、浮游植物的初级生产力和浮游动物的生物量有逐渐增加的趋势。上、中、下游水体的总磷含量分别为 0 .0 72mg/L、0 .0 6 6mg/L和 0 .0 4 4mg/L ;浮游植物的生物量分别为9.2 8mg/L、6 .51mg/L和 3.37mg/L。夏季和秋季上游部分区域伴有大面积的“水华” ,优势种类主要为微囊藻。浮游植物水柱日生产量分别为 2 .80 gO2 /m2 .d、2 .78gO2 /m2 .d和 2 .36 gO2 /m2 .d ;浮游动物的生物量分别为 2 .52mg/L、1.2 5mg/L和 1.2 2mg/L。浮桥河水库有富营养化的趋势且上游已经富营养化。导致富营养化的原因主要是外源营养物输入量的增加、大库鲢鳙放养比例失调、上游滤食性网箱放养结构的不合理和食鱼性鱼类的过度捕捞。建议在保持现有鳙放养量的前提下增大大库鲢的放养量和网箱内鲢鱼种的放养量、减少食鱼性鱼类的捕捞量、减少外源营养物的输入以控制水库的富营养化。     

异源精子激发彭泽鲫雌核发育产生的子一代及亲本RAPD分析

对异精激发彭泽鲫雌核发育产生的子一代及双亲进行ＲＡＰＤ 分析,发现异育彭泽鲫子一代中含有少数与父本相同而与母本相异的特异条带．尖鳍鲤、须鲫激发产生的异育彭泽鲫后代与彭泽鲫母本相似率分别为９４．９６％ 、９４．７０ ％ ;与尖鳍鲤、须鲫父本相似率分别为２３．４６％ 、２１ ．０５％ ．结果表明,从基因水平检验,彭泽鲫已不再是完全的母性遗传,异育彭泽鲫基因组ＤＮＡ中可能带有部分异源父本基因组ＤＮＡ的特性     

水库大型围隔放养鲢鱼、鳙鱼控藻的研究

为减轻水源地水华的发生,在天津于桥水库建立了10个300m2大型围隔,分别放养密度为0,10,30,60g/m3的鲢鱼、鳙鱼进行控藻试验.结果表明,无鱼围隔内的蓝藻比例上升并形成微囊藻水华,各有鱼围隔内蓝藻比例始终保持在低位水平.与此同时,鲢鱼、鳙鱼的滤食导致小型藻类的大量增长进而造成藻类总生物量及叶绿素a不同程度地升高.由此可知,鲢鱼、鳙鱼适用于控制蓝藻水华而非藻类总量.     

微囊藻毒素在太湖白鲢体内的累积规律及其影响因素

太湖蓝藻水华及其次级代谢产物微囊藻毒素(MCs)的生物累积对生态系统和人体健康造成严重威胁,已成为最近环境科学研究的热点。本研究从太湖的不同区域(梅梁湖、西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和湖心区)采集不同体重和体长的白鲢,利用固相萃取方法提取、高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了白鲢不同器官中MCs的3种异构体MC-RR、MC-YR及MC-LR的含量,结合不同湖区的相关水质指标分析了MCs在白鲢体内的累积规律及其影响因素。研究结果表明:白鲢不同器官MCs的含量由高到低为:肠壁肾脏肝脏肌肉心脏,且肠壁累积的MCs显著高于肾脏、肝脏、肌肉和心脏。MC-RR含量是白鲢各器官累积MCs的异构体的主体,约占MCs的60%。梅梁湖鲢鱼的肌肉、肾脏和心脏中MCs均高于西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和湖心区。生物指标(体重和体长)是影响白鲢肾脏内MCs和MC-RR含量以及肠壁内MCs含量重要因素。太湖水质指标总磷(TP)、藻细胞数量、湖泊营养指数及环节动物数量尤其是TP对白鲢肝脏累积MCs产生明显影响,TP、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4-N)、内梅罗指数和环节动物数量尤其是NH4-N对肠壁累积MCs产生明显影响。     

Nickel in the muscle tissues of freshwater fish from north eastern Poland should not cause human health concerns

Excessive intake of nickel (Ni) is known to produce adverse health effects in humans, including carcinogenicity and allergenicity. The main route of exposure for humans is diet, including fish. There is, however, little information concerning Ni content in freshwater fish in Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of Ni in meat tissues of three fish species from north eastern Poland and assess toxic potential to healthy and susceptible sub-groups of individuals. The settings for the study lakes span a range of anthropogenic influence from protected areas to a basin with a town and several villages and another one influenced by a pesticide tomb leakage. Fish were netted and kept frozen until analysis. After defrosting, the fish were filleted and minced. The ashed samples were dissolved in nitric acid and analyzed for Ni by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Roach meat contained 6.6–23 µg kg^?1 Ni, bream 9.5–178 µg kg^?1, and carp 16.5–139 µg kg^?1. These concentrations are low, indicating that the fish were not excessively contaminated with the metal. Consuming a 250 g portion of fish would result in an average nickel intake of 4 µg for roach, <10 µg for bream, and <20 µg for carp. These values represent only 0.4–2% of the maximum level that is likely to pose a risk of adverse effects as established in the USA. Consumption of fish from the study region need not necessarily pose a health threat.     

不同浓度Cd~(2+)对鲤鱼基因组DNA的影响

鲤鱼(建鲤品种)幼鱼暴露于4个浓度组(0.005、0.05、0.5、5mg/L)的镉离子(Cd~(2+))2d,期间各组的个体均无死亡.用10个RAPD引物对处理后鲤鱼基因组进行扩增,亦未发现有明显的差异扩增条带.但在用甲基化敏感扩增多态性方法研究暴露后鲤鱼肌肉组织的基因组DNA甲基化的变化时发现,5mg/L的Cd~(2+)在d2会使鲤鱼基因组DNA中CCGG区域甲基化发生明显的变化.该组个体1mol后出现大量死亡.另外,0.05mg/L和0.5mg/L Cd~(2+)组个体基因组DNA中CCGG区域甲基化比例2d内略有下降,甲基化位点没有太大改变.说明鲤鱼幼鱼基因组CCGG区域的胞嘧啶甲基化比例在不同浓度Cd~(2+)处理中都比较稳定.低浓度Cd~(2+)条件下鲤鱼主要通过甲基化区域的微调减少Cd~(2+)的生理毒性.高浓度Cd~(2+)处理下,利于基因组DNA甲基化区域发生相当的变化,可能导致一些沉默基因的异常表达.图2表2参31     

Convincing the Public to Kill: Asian Carp and the Proximization of Invasive Species Threat

ABSTRACT

This essay examines the mediation of the threat of Asian carp as an invasive species in American waterways based on analysis of 43 articles published in local and national periodicals from 2009 to 2017. Rhetorical and proximization analysis reveals the consistent establishment of carp as an outsider threat and a continual narrowing of the gap between this threat and the deictic center: the Great Lakes. In addition, the notion of the spectacle of the Asian carp’s physiological and behavioral features (i.e. leaping) was found to fade across time in favor of arguments based upon widespread ecosystem and economic damage. This essay argues that the use of these yoked strategies not only prioritizes the threat of Asian carp over other more insidious invasive species but also displays a potentially harmful anti-immigrant preference through metaphor.     

Cd~(2+)污染对草鱼不同组织中过氧化物酶活性的影响

采用细静水生物测试法研究Cd2+对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,在7 d的试验时间内,低浓度Cd2+胁迫时,肝胰脏和肾脏组织POD活性随时间变化均呈先降低后升高再降低的变化趋势,而高浓度Cd2+胁迫时,肝胰脏组织POD活性始终受到显著抑制(P<0.05),肾脏组织POD活性短时间内被诱导,但随着暴露时间的延长,其受到显著抑制(P<0.05);鳃组织在受到Cd2+污染时POD活性随时间变化呈先升高后降低变化趋势。草鱼鳃组织POD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏组织。