联苯胺对锦鲤肝脏酶活性的影响

以锦鲤(Cyprinus carprio)为试验生物,经不同浓度(6.0,3.0,2.0,1.2,0.6mg/L)联苯胺暴露14d,研究其对肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px),过氧化氢酶(CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)以及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性的影响.结果表明,锦鲤经联苯胺暴露,肝脏GSH-Px活性几乎持续受抑制;暴露第4d出现CAT的诱导,但随着暴露的延续,在第7,14d出现酶活性抑制;对SOD的影响多表现为诱导作用,但在高浓度(6.0,3.0mg/L)暴露第14d则出现酶活性抑制;对GST和GPT的影响一般表现为在低浓度暴露下的酶诱导,高浓度暴露下酶活性受抑制.GSH-Px对联苯胺暴露最为敏感,有可能成为评价水环境联苯胺污染的生物标志物.     

阿散酸及其降解产物对鱼和蚯蚓的遗传毒性

为了全面评价有机胂制剂阿散酸对水生生物和土壤生物的遗传毒性效应,文章分别以红鲤鱼和赤子爱胜蚓为生物材料,采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术从细胞水平上研究了阿散酸降解前后对鲤鱼肾细胞和蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的损伤。鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,阿散酸降解之前和降解的第4周阿散酸对鲤鱼肾细胞DNA有显著损伤,表现出明显的遗传毒性作用,但第二周却不引起鲤鱼肾细胞DNA的任何损伤。蚯蚓体腔细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,阿散酸降解之前不能诱导蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的明显损伤,不表现遗传毒性效应,与对照组相比没有显著性差异(P>0.05);但阿散酸降解开始后,各浓度的降解混合物体系都能引起蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的明显损伤,表现出较强的遗传毒性作用。     

镉在鲤鱼组织内的蓄积及对血浆指标的影响

随着工业的迅速发展,水环境中的镉污染日趋严重,镉的蓄积性强,毒性高。为了进一步研究镉在鱼类不同组织内的蓄积及其对血浆指标的影响,以鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)为受试生物,设置3个浓度梯度,镉浓度分别为0(对照组)、5和50μg·L-1,试验周期为30d。结果显示,随着暴露时间的延长,染毒组鲤鱼鳃、肝胰脏和肾脏中镉蓄积量与对照组相比均显著升高(p<0.05),其中肾脏蓄积量最大,其次为肝胰脏和鳃,且50 μg·L-1染毒组各组织镉蓄积量显著高于5 μg·L-1染毒组(p<0.05);30d时,5和50 μg·L-1染毒组鳃、肝胰脏和肾脏中镉蓄积量分别为对照组的12.3和43.5倍、5.1和27.3倍、11.9和70.8倍;鲤鱼肌肉中仅检测到微量镉(0.02～0.04mg·kg-1),且暴露时间和镉暴露浓度不影响肌肉中镉的蓄积量。整个试验期间,各染毒组血浆中钙和磷含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性与对照组相比无显著差异(p>0.05)。研究表明,不同程度的水体镉污染均能造成鲤鱼各组织(肌肉除外)内较高浓度的镉蓄积,但对血浆指标无显著影响。     

甲基汞和硒在鲤鱼组织中的蓄积及对肝胰脏中某些元素含量的影响

在20±2℃测定鲤鱼在28天受甲基汞、硒接触期间,肌肉、脑和肝胰脏中蓄积的汞,肌肉中蓄积的硒。用扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪测定肝胰脏中Na,P,K,S,Cl,Ca等元素的含量与汞吸收量之间的关系。试验结果说明汞与硒之间存在拮抗作用。     

Exploring tensions and conflicts in invasive species management: The case of Asian carp

There is a growing recognition that scientific and social conflict pervades invasive species management, but there is a need for empirical work that can help better understand these conflicts and how they can be addressed. We examined the tensions and conflicts facing invasive Asian carp management in Minnesota by conducting 16 in-depth interviews with state and federal agency officials, academics, and stakeholders. Interviewees discussed the tensions and conflicts they saw impacting management, their implications, and what could be done to address them. We found three key areas of conflict and tension in Asian carp management: 1) scientific uncertainty concerning the impacts of Asian carp and the efficacy and non-target effects of possible management actions; 2) social uncertainty concerning both the lack of societal agreement on how to respond to Asian carp and the need to avoid acting from apathy and/or fear; and 3) the desired approach to research and management – whether it is informed by “political need” or “biological reality”. Our study of these tensions and conflicts reveals their importance to Asian carp management and to invasive species management, more broadly. We conclude with a discussion of possible ways to address these areas of tension and conflict, including the potential of deliberative, participatory approaches to risk-related decision making and the need to productively engage with apathy and fear.     

水生动植物联合作用净化不同富营养化景观水体研究

选择睡莲(Nymphaeatetragona)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)、鲢鱼(Aristichthysnobilis)和中华圆田螺(Cipangopludinachinensis)为实验对象,设置富营养和极富营养两种浓度梯度,通过室外试验探讨不同动植物及其组合对两种浓度水平中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及叶绿素a(Chl-a)的净化效果。结果表明,在富营养和极富营养水平中,均以睡莲和黑藻组合对TN和TP的去除效果最好,TN去除率分别为66.4%和42.3%,TP去除率分别为97.1%和89.6%,TP去除率分别高出相应对照组53.2和35.3个百分点;鲢鱼和中华圆田螺的加入会引起TN和TP的升高,但是由鲢鱼、中华圆田螺、睡莲和黑藻组成的组合对藻类的抑制效果最好,其Chl-a含量始终保持最低含量,日均值不超过1.16 mg/m3。因此,鲢鱼、中华圆田螺、睡莲和黑藻联合作用对富营养化水体具有明显的净化效果,其协同作用可为景观湖泊富营养化控制提供理论基础和科学依据。     

三峡水库蓄水初期鲤鱼重金属富集特征及健康风险评价

于2011-2012年在三峡库区干流水域及7条典型支流中采集鲤鱼样品,通过测定鱼体肌肉组织中Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Cu和Zn等7种重金属含量,分析了三峡库区蓄水后的鱼体重金属污染水平、各金属元素之间的相关性及在库区各水域的分布特征,并利用目标危险系数(THQ)对库区居民通过食用鱼类摄入重金属的健康风险进行了评价.结果显示,所有鱼类样品中均检测出这7种重金属,但含量低于国家规定的卫生健康标准.不同重金属在鱼体肌肉中差异明显,Zn的平均含量最高(5.88 mg·kg-1),Cd平均含量最低(0.013 mg·kg-1).所有7种重金属可分为4类,式中,Cr和Cu,Pb和As相关系数较大.与库区外其他水域相比,三峡水库中鱼体重金属含量处于较低水平,且在蓄水后未发生显著变化.受到水位升高和悬浮物沉降的影响,库区内干流鱼体中大部分重金属含量变化趋势为从库尾的洛碛向库中的巫山递减.THQ法评价结果认为,食用库区鱼类健康风险较低.     

DEP、DOP暴露对鲤鱼的酸碱性磷酸酶的影响

为了研究酞酸酯类对水生生物的毒性作用,将鲤鱼暴露于DEP与DOP的6个质量浓度组中进行96h-LC50急性毒性试验,测得其半致死质量浓度(96 h-LC50)分别为41.50mg/L与7.95 mg/L。分别设置3个质量浓度和1个对照组,测定DEP与DOP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织酸性磷酸酶(ACP)与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的影响。结果表明:DEP与DOP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织ACP活性的影响趋势均表现为低质量浓度诱导,高质量浓度抑制;DEP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织ALP活性的影响亦表现为低质量浓度诱导,高质量浓度抑制;而DOP对鲤鱼肝脏ALP活性的影响表现为随着暴露质量浓度的增大而活性降低,呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系。酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶可能在鱼体抵御酞酸酯毒性作用中有重要作用,其机理有待进一步研究。     

四氯乙烯胁迫对草鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响及其机理

研究了四氯乙烯(PCE)对草鱼的肝胰脏、肾脏和鳃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的影响.结果表明:草鱼肝胰脏SOD活性,在PCE低浓度胁迫时其SOD活性“先升后降”[72h SOD是(6665.84±106.87)U/g·FW,168h SOD是(3021.26±16.96)U/g·FW],高浓度胁迫时“先降后升再降”[24h SOD是(2175.16±185.14)U/g·FW, 96h SOD是(5692.19±44.17)U/g·FW,168h SOD是(1297.70±11.52)U/g·FW];草鱼肾脏SOD活性在PCE所有浓度组胁迫均是“先降后升再降”的趋势;草鱼鳃组织SOD酶活性只有在PCE较低浓度短时间内没有显著变化,其它情况始终降低.在PCE低浓度和中等浓度胁迫时,草鱼肝胰脏POD活性始终降低,较低浓度和高浓度胁迫时肝胰脏POD活性“先降后升再降”;草鱼肾脏POD活性在PCE低浓度胁迫时“先升后降再升又降”的趋势,而高浓度胁迫时“先降后升又降”;PCE对草鱼鳃组织POD活性“先升后降”的趋势.但是草鱼鳃组织的SOD和POD活性明显低于肝胰脏和肾脏组织的SOD和POD活性.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp （Cyprinus carpio）

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO₂-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO₂-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO₂-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO₂-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO₂-NPs released into the aqueous environment.