飞灰中二英热脱附行为的研究

研究了垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰中二噁英在隔绝空气受热条件下的热脱附行为及规律.通过气相和固体残留中二噁英的含量分析,推测了二噁英在不同温度条件下可能发生的几种化学反应和物理变化,同时研究了17种有毒二噁英的热脱附效率和飞灰的最佳热脱附条件.PCDD/Fs在200℃和300℃下平均脱附率分别为96.2%和95.5%,而400℃下的平均脱附率高达99.7%.结果表明,在300℃加热条件下,飞灰中的PCDD/Fs主要发生脱氯降解反应.在400℃下,飞灰中发生大量的前体合成反应,使PCDD/Fs含量显著增加.     

新兴污染物BP-3和BP-4的好氧生物降解性能

采用欧洲经济合作与发展组织（OECD）的生物降解测试标准方法——301F测压呼吸计量法,考察了2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮（BP-3）和2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮-5-磺酸（BP-4）的好氧生物降解性能,并研究了降解动力学及共代谢现象。实验结果表明：BP-3和BP-4的可生物降解率分别为68.36%和41.34%;根据OECD快速降解性判定标准,BP-3划归为易快速降解物质,而BP-4为不易快速降解物质;两种物质的生物降解可用一级动力学描述,半衰期分别为1.986 d和2.806 d;根据欧盟法规《化学品的注册、评估、授权和限制》（REACH法规）,BP-3和BP-4均非持久性物质;与苯甲酸钠共存时,BP-3和BP-4的降解过程均表现出共代谢现象。     

钢铁工业废气中的二恶英

二恶英具有"三致"毒性,是一种迄今为止发现过的最具致癌潜力的物质,即使在浓度很低的环境中人体也会发生诸多病变,国际癌症研究中心早已将其列入人类一级致癌物。对于钢铁行业,其主要产生于烧结和电炉炼钢两大生产工序;结合二恶英的性质及产生机理,对烧结、电炉炼钢、高炉炼铁等生产工序二恶英的产生情况进行了简要介绍。     

一次航班飞行全过程大气污染物排放特征

飞机发动机以航空煤油为燃料,在运行过程中会排放多种大气污染物,对空气质量和人体健康存在较大影响.选择A320作为典型机型,提取了一次真实航班飞行过程中的机载飞行数据,基于BM2及BM2-FOA耦合模型,获得了其在飞行全过程中每一时刻CO、UHC、NO_x及PM_(2.5)的排放指数,并计算了CO、UHC、NO_x、SO_2、CO_2及PM_(2.5)的精确排放量.结果表明,飞行过程中CO和UHC排放指数与推力变化趋势相反,数值范围分别为0.67~595.34 g·kg~(-1)和0.05~0.43 g·kg~(-1).NO_x排放指数与燃油流量变化趋势一致,数值范围是0.96~114.25 g·kg~(-1).PM_(2.5)排放指数全过程变化较小,约为0.25~0.36 g·kg~(-1).飞行全过程中,CO_2排放总量最大,约为2.0×10~4kg.同时,NO_x的排放量约为213.4 kg,SO_2也排放了24.5 kg.CO、PM_(2.5)和UHC的排放量分别为7.5、2.2和0.5 kg.将本次精确计算结果与使用ICAO基准模型对LTO起降阶段的估算结果进行对比后发现,基准模型LTO飞行时间较真实时间偏长37%.基准模型估算LTO阶段CO、UHC污染物排放量偏高,NO_x偏低,且偏差较大;而SO_2、CO_2和PM_(2.5)的排放量估算结果偏差相对较小.与机动车相比,A320飞机的一次LTO起飞着陆飞行,NO_x排放量约等于一辆小客车行驶8.6×10~4km,或相当于1274辆小客车1 d的排放量.     

The Kyoto protocol: Empirical evidence of a hidden success

How effective was the Kyoto protocol? International Environmental Agreements (IEA) have been on the rise over the past four decades; however, thus far their effectiveness is controversial. In view of the conflicting results found in the related literature, this paper addresses its effectiveness by utilizing for the first time the generalized synthetic control method (GSCM) to compare the emissions of the industrialized countries with a “No- Kyoto” counterfactual scenario that represents the expected emissions in the absence of the protocol. This method facilitates a robust comparison between treated and control countries as done by Almer and Winkler (2017) and account for the multiple treated units as done by Grunewald and Martinez-Zarzoso (2016), so as to capture the collective nature of the protocol. Results show that the protocol was successful in reducing the emissions of the ratifying countries approximately by 7% below the emissions expected under a “No-Kyoto” scenario, confirming the importance of accounting for the collective nature of the agreement.     

“Horizontal” and “vertical” diffusion: The cumulative influence of Impact and Benefit Agreements (IBAs) on mining policy-production in New Caledonia

The scale, duration and intensity of conflicts over mineral resources vary greatly. However, they always involve, in varying proportions, the triad stakeholder model—corporation, state, community—each element of which is internally heterogeneous. Increasingly, new players are entering the scene: international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), environmental grassroots groups, indigenous transnational networks, international aid and development agencies. Nevertheless, conflicts and arrangements around access to and control over mineral resources can take the apparent form of dyadic relationships between companies and local communities, resulting in negotiated company-community agreements, often called “Impact and Benefit Agreements” (IBAs). In our analysis, local agreements on mineral resource governance are seen as building blocks in the production of mining policy “from below”, even though they seem at first sight to exclude the state. This paper argues that these agreements, and the negotiations surrounding them, inform debates around mining through both “horizontal diffusion” (influence on other localities facing similar situations) and “vertical diffusion” (influence on policy design and implementation at upper political and administrative levels). This diffusion may occur in a “positive” sense, effecting further change in line with the intent of the original agreement, or in a “negative” one, actually making substantive change less likely, whether at a community or policy level. We build this argument through two case studies from New Caledonia, in the south-west Pacific, where mining has long been a key issue, especially in the current context of “negotiated decolonization” launched by the 1998 Nouméa Accord.     

Mediating effects of psychological safety in the relationship between team affectivity and transactive memory systems

In this research, we develop a framework for understanding the emergence of transactive memory systems (TMS) in project‐based teams characterized by different levels of group level positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA). With a focus on enhancing understanding of the means of transmission, we test the mediating role played by group level psychological safety (PS) in the relationship between team affectivity and TMS. From a sample of 107 software implementation project teams, in a lagged field study, we find support for a mediated model in which high group NA, but not group PA, promotes environments psychologically unsafe for interpersonal risk‐taking (low PS) and which are negatively associated with TMS. This study extends prior research on the differential effects of PA and NA, by contributing to the limited research on group affectivity, environmental antecedents of TMS, and the mediating role of PS for predicting group level transactive processes and structures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雄安新区土壤氟地球化学特征及健康风险评价

为科学评估雄安新区表层土壤氟(F)地球化学分布特征及人体健康风险,利用GIS空间分析、相关分析等分析土壤F贫化富集特征及影响因素,开展土壤F健康风险评估,基于蒙特卡罗随机模拟,研究健康风险评价结果的不确定性.结果表明,新区表层土壤ω(F)均值为641 mg·kg^-1,是全国A层土壤背景值的1.34倍,F过剩和高等级样点占比超过85%,F含量整体相对偏高.灌溉水样ρ(F^-)均值为0.85 mg·L^-1, F^-含量空间分布特征受浅层地下水水化学类型和流向的影响.土壤F垂向空间变化不显著,其垂向变化主要受土壤有机碳、质地等土壤理化性质的垂向分布影响.表层土壤F的贫化富集主要受地质背景成因控制,人为因素(农业灌溉水、施肥和大气干湿沉降)等外源输入影响其异常的空间分布.区内土壤F含量与地貌环境“标志性”指标Al₂O₃、 Fe₂O₃、 MgO和K₂O含量,土壤有机碳(Corg.)、阳离子交换量(CEC)...     

城市大气污染物总量控制最大排放量模型法及其应用

本文建立了城市大气污染物总量控制最大排放量模型．把该模型应用于广东省某市ＳＯ＿２总量控制计算，结果表明。该模型的应用效果是较理想的．为城市大气污染物总量控制提供了一种有效的方法．     

New mercantilism: A perspective on how politics is shaping world metal supply

The major countries consuming metals tended historically to be also the major countries producing them. It was in their interest to promote mine development to provide low cost raw materials. Over the past fifty years, the share of global production accounted for by consuming countries has declined and producers and consumers of metals have been slowly moving into separate camps having distinct and differing interests. As a consequence of this, governments of producing countries have become more focused on how to maximise the benefit of metal extraction to their economies rather than on how to supply cheap raw materials; a tendency which has found expression in resource nationalism. Governments of consuming countries have in response become increasingly concerned about the implications of this tendency to their economic development and some countries, most notably China, have adopted robust policies to secure their supplies. Through their actions to influence capital flows within the mining industry and to force metals trade into channels which better serve their national interests (a process characterised here as ‘new mercantilism’), metal producing and metal consuming countries are reshaping global supply.