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排序方式: 共有177条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
51.
52.
Time series of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in ambient air of a large conurbation in North-Western Germany are presented and analyzed. The trend of PCDD/F concentrations, starting from as early as 1988, shows a pronounced decrease by at least one order of magnitude, demonstrating that the emission reductions were effective. The PCDD/F depositions also have decreased by a factor of 5 since 1992. However, both trends have leveled out since 2005. Time series of PCB concentrations and depositions starting in 1994 show only slight decreases for the concentrations and almost no decrease for the depositions. From the decay rates following first order kinetics, half-lives in the order of 5-15 years for the PCDD/F and 15-31 years for the sum of the six indicator PCB could be calculated, which are much longer than the half-lives estimated from their reactivity towards the OH radical. Apparently, small fresh emissions (PCDD/F), considerable secondary emissions and evaporation from contaminated soils slow down their decay in the atmosphere of big conurbations. Analyzing the decay rates of individual PCB congeners shows that the lower chlorinated and more volatile ones are removed faster than the higher chlorinated congeners, probably via gas phase reactions with the OH radical. It can be concluded from the present study that the input of PCDD/F and PCB into the food chain via the air path will continue for another one or two decades in big conurbations. 相似文献
53.
Hofmann T Wendelborn A 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(4):223-224
PCDD/Fs are hydrophobic organic substances and strongly sorbing to soil particles. Once adsorbed to soil particles they are
believed to be virtually immobile. However, research in the last decades confirmed that strong sorbing contaminants may reach
the groundwater via colloid-facilitated transport. This pathway has not been investigated before in Vietnam. Ma Da area, 100
km north of Ho Chi Minh City, was repeatedly sprayed during the Vietnam War (1962–1971) with herbicides like Agent Orange
containing, beside others, the teratogenic contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). 11 surface soil samples and 12 water samples were collected in Ma Da area for analysis of PCDD/Fs in solids.
Soil TCDD concentrations ranged from 1–41 ppt with a mean of 8.8 ppt and a mean I-TEQ of 9.7 ppt. Two surface water samples
showed colloid bound TCDD (7 and 19 ppt). Groundwater samples showed elevated colloid bound PCDD concentrations (mean 770
ng/kg), mainly octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Groundwater colloids separated by filtration did not show any TCDD. The results support that TCDD/Fs can be relocated
from the top soil to the groundwater by colloidal pathway. They did not provide evidence that the dioxins bound to groundwater
colloids are leftovers from the Second Indochinese War. However, this study reinforces that the colloidal transport pathway
has to be included investigating the relocation of strong sorbing organic contaminants. 相似文献
54.
总氮是衡量水质富营养化的重要指标。用传统方法分析需经过高压消解,温度和时间难以控制,且手工操作复杂、费时,误差大,影响监测结果。本文用流动注射法,以QuickChem 8000流动注射仪为平台,通过大量的精密性、准确性和实样比对实验来研究其在水质总氮测定中的应用,再用数理统计的方法(F检验、t检验)从理论上验证该方法的可行性。 相似文献
55.
The yield of PCDD/F in relation to the presence of oxygenated PAH in model waste incinerator flyash has been investigated in a fixed bed laboratory scale reactor. Experiments were undertaken by thermal treatment of the model flyash at 250 and 350 °C under a simulated flue gas stream for 2 h. After reaction, the PCDD/F content of the reacted flyash and the PCDD/F released into the exhaust gas, and subsequently trapped by XAD-II resin in a down-stream condensation system were analyzed. The PAHs investigated were, dibenzofuran and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan and were spiked onto the model flyash as reactant precursors for PCDD/F formation. The results showed significant formation of furans from both of the PAH investigated, however except from some highly chlorinated dioxin congeners, the formation of dioxins was not so common. Benzonaphthofuran was significantly more reactive than dibenzofuran in PCDD/F formation, in spite of the fact that dibenzofuran is structurally more similar to that of PCDD/F. Thus, there was no clear attribution between the chemical structure of PAH used and the formation of PCDD/F. There were considerable differences between the yields of PCDD/F congeners in the gaseous species and those in the reacted flyash under the same operational conditions. The concentration of PCDD/Fs was reduced at the higher reaction temperature of 350 °C; however, the higher temperature resulted in the majority of the PCDD/F formed on the flyash being released into the gas phase. 相似文献
56.
The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) content of three fly ash samples with different elemental compositions from different municipal waste incinerators were analyzed before and after thermal treatment at 300 °C or 500 °C. Gas phase emissions during the treatments were also collected and analyzed. Substantial reductions in the total PCCD/F content of the ashes were observed after treatment at 500 °C, seemingly due to degradation rather than dechlorination. Treatment at 300 °C resulted in an increase in the PCDD/F content of the three ashes. Initial concentration of PCDD/F in the untreated ashes did not reflect the outcome of the treatment at the different temperatures. In addition, the composition of the ash was found to influence the rate of decomposition and formation of PCDD and PCDF during thermal treatment; the results showed that Cu, Fe, Ca and S play important roles in these processes. 相似文献
57.
Sanctorum H Elskens M Leermakers M Gao Y Charriau A Billon G Goscinny S De Cooman W Baeyens W 《Chemosphere》2011,85(2):203-209
PAHs, PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs have been assessed in Yser and Upper-Scheldt river sediments. Higher contamination levels were observed in the Upper-Scheldt sediments: maximum concentrations for the 16 US-EPA PAHs, PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs respectively amount to 8.9 mg kg−1, 12 ng TEQ kg−1 and 5.1 ng TEQ kg−1. Diagnostic PAH ratios in sediments and atmospheric samples suggest that the PAH compounds are from pyrolytic origin, more specifically combustion processes. The huge consumption of coal in cokes-ovens and smelters and its use for house-heating in Northern France, although decreasing during the last decades, are in support of that suggestion. PCDD/F fingerprints in sediments and deposition material indicate that OCDD is the dominant congener. In addition use of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the past led to a minor contribution of PCDD/Fs in our sediment samples. Non-ortho PCBs form a substantial fraction of the total TEQ concentrations observed in the sediments. Since the 1980s and 1990s a substantial reduction of the PCDD/F sediment concentrations is observed, but this is not the case for the PAHs. 相似文献
58.
Ronan Cariou Philippe Marchand Aline Brosseaud El Mostafa Qannari Bruno Le Bizec 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(3):941-4047
Current European Union regulation regarding polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in food and feed is based on Toxic Equivalent Quotient (TEQ) concept. For confirmatory purpose, the isotope-dilution method associated to a measurement by gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry is usually the method of choice for precisely measuring the 29 target congeners in three separated fractions. Time and cost related to these analyses are very significant. Various kinds of screening concepts can be considered. In the present study, we elaborated and validated a prediction model for the 2005 World Health Organization TEQ in fish, based on the measurement of 4 PCDD/F and 2 non-ortho dl-PCB congeners, potentially analyzable in a single extracted fraction by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Large independent datasets have been used for model elaboration (n = 108) and validation (n = 363, n = 357 and n = 6). 相似文献
59.
对流层臭氧(O3)主要由氮氧化物(NOx)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)经过一系列光化学反应生成,反应过程呈现复杂的非线性关系.为深入了解O3的光化学特征及生成机制,利用2018年夏季大气O3与VOCs的观测数据,结合大气零维框架模拟模型F0AM-MCM,研究O3超标日和非O3超标日的O3光化学特征之间的差异性.观测结果表明,O3超标日期间φ(O3)和φ(TVOCs)的平均值分别为47.8×10-9和49.0×10-9,为非O3超标日期间O3(26×10-9)和TVOCs(30×10-9)体积分数的1.8倍和1.6倍.使用F0AM模型,借助EKMA曲线和RIR分析等识别O3敏感性,发现南京市O3超标日和非O3超标日O3的形成均主要受VOCs和NOx的协同控制.F0AM-MCM模拟结果表明,在O3超标日,·OH和HO2的日平均混合比分别是非O3超标日的1.3倍和1.8倍,表明O3超标日期间具有更强的大气氧化能力,且·OH和HO2的形成和损失速率也有明显的增加,表明自由基循环的增强.此外,O3超标日的O3生成速率明显高于非O3超标日,从而导致了O3超标日的O3净生成速率明显高于非O3超标日.以上发现提高了对南京夏季O3超标日大气O3光化学特征的认识. 相似文献
60.
研究贵州喀斯特高地质背景对农产品中F、Cd含量水平的影响,评价农产品F、Cd暴露对不同人群的健康风险。以7个市州为研究区域,采集255个样品(110个水稻、130个玉米、15个马铃薯),分别采用氟离子选择电极法及电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定样品中F、Cd含量。参照靶标危害系数(THQ)和危害系数(HI)对儿童及成人的健康风险进行评价。结果表明,大米、玉米及马铃薯中Cd含量为0.003~0.629、0.000~0.556、0.016~0.153 mg/kg;F含量分别在0.130~1.970、0.357~4.717、0.557~1.058 mg/kg之间。大米、玉米及马铃薯分别有19.09%、23.08%、26.70%的样品Cd含量超过阈值(0.2、0.1、0.1 mg/kg,GB2762-2017)。大米中氟镉含量呈正相关(r=0.376,p<0.01),玉米中呈负相关(r=-0.391,p<0.01)。不同作物的THQ和HI显示,儿童和成人摄食大米的风险大于玉米和马铃薯。儿童及成人摄食大米后THQCd、THQF、HI分别为:0.965、 0.073、0.970;0.799、0.060、0.859,儿童及成人摄食玉米后THQCd、THQF、HI分别为:0.430、0.185、0.422;0.121、0.052、0.173,儿童及成人摄食马铃薯后THQCd、THQF、HI分别为:0.020、0.069、0.024;0.008、0.019、0.028。研究结果表明贵州省农产品受不同程度氟镉污染,食用当地生产的农作物具有潜在的健康风险,且儿童风险大于成人。 相似文献