Using the bootstrap and fast Fourier transform to estimate confidence intervals of 2D kernel densities

Kernel density estimators are often used to estimate the utilization distributions (UDs) of animals. Kernel UD estimates have a strong theoretical basis and perform well, but are usually reported without estimates of error or uncertainty. It is intuitively and theoretically appealing to estimate the sampling error in kernel UD estimates using bootstrapping. However, standard equations for kernel density estimates are complicated and computationally expensive. Bootstrapping requires computing hundreds or thousands of probability densities and is impractical when the number of observations, or the area of interest is large. We used the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and discrete convolution theorem to create a bootstrapping algorithm fast enough to run on commonly available desktop or laptop computers. Application of the FFT method to a large (n>20,000) set of radio telemetry data would provide a 99.6% reduction in computation time (i.e., 1.6 as opposed to 444 hours) for 1000 bootstrap UD estimates. Bootstrap error contours were computed using data from a radio-collared polar bear (Ursus maritimus) in the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska.     

丈八沟人工湖水质评估与基本对策

中国湖泊富营养化的现象十分严重,以景观用途为主的人工湖泊的问题尤为突出。大多湖泊的富营养化都有加重趋势,基本丧失其功能,对湖泊富营养化的预防治理已成当务之急。通过对丈八沟人工湖的水质监测、分析,探讨了引起人工湖泊富营养化的成因,提出了对于人工湖泊富营养化的治理方案。分析表明：引起人工湖泊富营养化的主要原因包括外源性污染和内源性污染,对于湖泊富营养化的治理措施宜采用内环境治理和外环境整治结合的方式。     

环境样品中硝基苯类化合物测定的预处理方法概述

在环境保护广为大家关注的今天,有机污染越来越被人重视,预处理又是有机分析成败的关键,本文全面总结了环境样品中硝基苯和硝基苯类化合物的采样、预处理方法,着重叙述水中悬浮态、冰样品及固体样品中硝基苯和硝基苯类化合物的样品预处理方法,并叙述了几种常用的具体方法,同时对方法的优缺点与实用性进行了比较,补充了常用方法中只有水环境样品、大气环境样品硝基苯和硝基苯类化合物的采样、预处理方法,为系统研究各种形态环境样品中的硝基苯和硝基苯类化合物提供参考。     

气相色谱法对本底大气氧化亚氮浓度的标气定量方法研究

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器法(GC-ECD)测量大气中氧化亚氮(N_2O)浓度是目前广泛使用的方法,但ECD分析N_2O时存在线性范围较窄的缺点,因此,标气数量和定量方式是决定分析结果的关键因素.基于此,本文对比分析了单点线性校正法(S)、多点线性拟合法(D)、单瓶标气近似校正法(SA)、单瓶标气比值校正法(SC)对N_2O检测分析结果的差异.结果表明,SA定量相对误差最小,对测试使用的6瓶标气定值平均误差为0.09×10~(-9).根据本底大气N_2O观测精度要求,以及我国大气N_2O浓度变化范围较大的特征,推荐选用SA法对大气中N_2O浓度进行定值.依据所选方法对黑龙江龙凤山本底站大气N_2O浓度进行观测(2015年1—12月),结果显示,黑龙江龙凤山站大气N_2O浓度最高值出现在4—5月,平均值超过330×10~(-9).该站大气N_2O浓度主要受人为活动排放的影响.     

CaO2投加量及投加方式对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产生短链脂肪酸的影响

以污水处理厂剩余活性污泥作为研究对象,在中温条件下,按照不同投加量和投加方式投加过氧化钙（CaO₂）进行预处理,考察其对污泥发酵产酸和产甲烷的影响,以期确定CaO₂最佳投加量和投加方式.结果表明,在（35±1）℃条件下,投加CaO₂可提高剩余污泥发酵液pH值,从而促进有机物的快速溶出.在同样投加剂量条件下,一次性投加比多次投加更有利于污泥的溶解以及短链脂肪酸的积累.当一次性投加0.2g CaO₂/g VSS时,发酵液中乙酸浓度在第7d达到最高值（169mg COD/g VSS）,同时乙酸在6种主要酸中所占比例达到最大（71.0%）.与一次性投加方式相比较,多次投加CaO₂对产甲烷的抑制作用较小,不利于SCFAs的积累.     

Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS): A review

Atmospheric humic-like substances(HULIS) are not only an unresolved mixture of macroorganic compounds but also powerful chelating agents in atmospheric particulate matters(PMs); impacting on both the properties of aerosol particles and health effects by generating reactive oxygen species(ROS). Currently, the interests of HULIS are intensively shifting to the investigations of HULIS-metal synergic effects and kinetics modeling studies, as well as the development of HULIS quantification, findings of possible HULIS sources and generation of ROS from HULIS. In light of HULIS studies, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of isolation and physicochemical characterization of HULIS from atmospheric samples as well as HULIS properties(hygroscopic, surface activity, and colloidal) and possible sources of HULIS.This review mainly highlights the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) from PMs, HULIS and transition metals, especially iron. This review also summarized the mechanism of ironorganic complexation and recent findings of OH formation from HULIS-metal complexes. This review will be helpful to carry out the modeling studies that concern with HULIS-transition metals and for further studies in the generation of ROS from HULIS-metal complexes.     

基于流形降维和梯度提升树的大气腐蚀速率预测模型

目的为了挖掘大气腐蚀速率与金属化学成分和暴露时间两个影响因素的定量关系,针对数据集特点,提出一种局部保持投影(Locality Preserving Projection)和梯度提升树(Gradient Boosting Decision Trees)结合的大气腐蚀速率预测模型(LPP-GBDT)。方法采用LPP算法对金属化学成分进行降维处理,得到金属化学成分低维特征,然后引入时间因素,并利用GBDT进行建立预测模型。以青岛海洋大气环境下积累的16年内的腐蚀速率数据进行模型性能验证,结果 LPP-GBDT模型测试集平均绝对误差为1.73μm/a,平均绝对百分误差为6.30%。正交化LPP-GBDT模型测试集平均绝对误差为1.21μm/a,平均绝对百分误差为4.42%。结论与多个典型预测模型相比,LPP-GBDT模型基于暴露时间和化学成分因素实现了大气腐蚀速率较为准确的预测,对特定环境下金属选材具有一定的参考价值。     

第四纪红壤不同熟化措施下的阴离子态养分含量及其剖面分布

本文对第四纪红壤及其发育的土壤中的６种必需阴离子态养分含量及其在土壤剖面中的分布进行了系统的讨论．结果表明，第四纪红壤中的各种必需阴离子态养分含量与土壤耕作熟化措施有关．荒地的ＮＯ、Ｃｌ－、Ｈ２ＢＯ较高，而开垦为旱地后，它们的含量下降；Ｈ２ＰＯ在土壤经过耕作熟化后有所提高；ＭｏＯ的含量则基本保持不变；与其它阴离子显著不同的是．经耕作熟化后，土壤有效性ＳＯ含量急剧增加，不同的阴离子态养分在土壤剖面中的分布特点不同．     

Interpolation performance of a spatio-temporal model with spatially varying coefficients: application to PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> concentrations in Rio de Janeiro

In this work we present a Bayesian analysis in linear regression models with spatially varying coefficients for modeling and inference in spatio-temporal processes. This kind of model is particularly appealing in situations where the effect of one or more explanatory processes on the response present substantial spatial heterogeneity. We describe for this model how to make inference about the regression coefficients and response processes under two scenarios: when the explanatory processes are known throughout the study region, and when they are known only at the sampling locations. Using a simulation experiment we investigate how parameter inference and interpolation performance are affected by some features of the data and prior distribution that is used. The proposed methodology is used to model the dataset on PM₁₀ levels in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro presented in Paez and Gamerman (2003).     

我国丹顶鹤自然保护区网络设计

针对原有丹顶鹤保护区规划缺乏系统设计思想,保护区面临严重的生境安全这一问题,根据维持生态系统地域完整性和生态过程完整性的原则,采用迭代法和整数规划2种方法,以高、中适宜性湿地面积占各自湿地类型总面积70%和60%为保护目标,研究了丹顶鹤自然保护区的网络设计,提出了丹顶鹤自然保护区网络的设计方案。