大气颗粒物中微生物分析方法及分布特征的研究进展

大气颗粒物(particulate matter, PM)可能携带病原微生物,会对人体健康产生影响,因此,对大气颗粒物中微生物的采集和分析已成为当今的研究热点。本文对大气颗粒物中微生物的采集方法和分析方法(培养法、菌群多样性组成谱测序和宏基因组学技术)的研究进展进行简要概括,着重介绍不同条件下(区域、时间、粒径、天气条件和气象因素)大气颗粒物中微生物的分布状况差异,并对引起相关差异的原因进行了探讨,旨在为深入认识大气颗粒物中微生物的分布特征提供参考。     

Reaction of spruce cells toward heavy metals and the influence of culture conditions

BACKGROUND: Plant cell cultures may serve as biosensors for the detection of heavy metals and other toxic substances. Standard culture media and protocols are frequently utilised, but in these media no care is usually taken to control the influence of hormones and nutrients on the reaction of the enzymes or m under consideration as parts of the sensor. The present paper investigates the influence of media composition on the reaction of spruce cells towards heavy metals. METHODS: Spruce cell cultures were grown in a standard medium, either i) alone, ii) containing 0.3% sucrose or iii) containing 3% sucrose and the hormones BAP and NAA. The cell cultures were then incubated in medium with fungal elicitor, H2O2, CdSO4 (50 to 500 microM), or, alternatively, with a standard heavy metal mixture containing 80 microM Na2HAsO4, 150 microM CdSO4 and 200 microM PbCl2. RESULTS: Depending on the nutrient status and hormone availability, large differences in glutathione contents and the GSH/GSSG ratio were observed. However, the cellular redox state seemed to remain more or less constant. Glutathione S-transferase activity was determined with four substrates, and high induction rates for the conjugation of three substrates were observed when hormones were omitted from the media. 1,2-epoxy-nitrophenoxy-propane conjugation was highest in starving cell in the presence of hormones, showing a transient GST induction, with highest rates occurring after 16 hrs following incubation; the induction effect was lost after 24 hrs. CONCLUSION: A medium containing 3% sucrose and both hormones (BAP and NAA) appears to be most favourable for cellular growth as well as the expression of a basis level of detoxification enzymes and antioxidants. With this combination, early responses towards heavy metals at low concentration can be monitored. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVE: Plant cell cultures are valuable tools for the bioindication of heavy metals and toxic xenobiotics. If standard media and protocols are utilised, the influence of hormones and nutrients on the reaction of the biosensor have to be evaluated thoroughly.     

苯酚厌氧降解的厌氧污泥驯化方法研究

在厌氧法处理含酚废水时，苯酚厌氧降解的厌氧污泥的培养与积累十分重要。本文通过混合厌氧污泥驯化、单一厌氧污泥驯化、好氧污泥转兼性驯化三组对比试验，探讨了合适的苯酚厌氧降解的厌氧污泥的驯化方法。研究表明：好氧污泥转兼性法驯化历时最短，处理效果好。静态培养时，微生物经过２个多月的驯化，日均降解苯酚的速率达１００ｍｇ／（Ｌ·ｄ）     

冰箱厂喷漆工段废水(废渣)处理方法探讨

针对喷漆工段各类废水的特点，通过静态试验论述了不同性质废水的有效处理方法，提出处理喷漆工段废水应视其特点采用分类别、分方法处理，给出其除油废水宜采用超滤法处理而其它废水混合采用混凝沉淀法的处理方案．     

基于大气环境的固定源细颗粒物测试方法研究进展

国内对固定源细颗粒物研究还较为薄弱,主要是缺乏合适的测试方法.由于基于大气环境的稀释测试法可在一定程度上模拟烟气排放至大气环境的物理化学过程,所以该法正成为研究固定源细颗粒物排放特征的重要手段.本文对国内外基于大气环境的固定源细颗粒物测试方法进行了系统介绍与分析,指出该测试系统应向小型化、便携式方向发展,以满足不同浓度、不同湿度、不同温度固定源细颗粒物的测试需要.     

内盘管接管泄漏成因及改进

对反应釜内盘管接管处发生泄漏的原因进行了探讨，通过入釜检查和有限元分析，确认了该处由于局部应力集中导致角焊缝出现微小开裂，并结合该釜结构特点和工况对其改进方法进行了讨论。     

IMPASEA: A methodological framework to monitor and assess the socioeconomic effects of marine protected areas. An English Channel case study

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly regarded as socio-ecological systems. In addition to their reported ecological effects, MPAs may have important social, economic and cultural effects on local communities and marine and coastal stakeholders. Those effects should be considered within an ecosystem approach to MPA planning, designation and management. Here we present a new framework to monitor and assess the socioeconomic effects of MPAs saliently and soundly: the Integrated MPA Socio-Economic Assessment (IMPASEA). The IMPASEA considers and analyses those factors deemed most important for marine and coastal stakeholders in a spatially referenced, sound and cost-effective manner. The development of the IMPASEA followed a mixed-methods research design in 3 phases: literature review, stakeholder survey and geo-statistical analysis using a Multiple-Paired-Before-After-Control-Impact design (MPBACI). The framework was tested on a set of 6 multiple-use MPAs on the French side of the English Channel. Of the eight socioeconomic variables analysed at the scale of ‘commune’ in the geo-statistical phase, only one variable (‘number of hotel rooms’) might have been affected by the designation of MPAs. Factors such as MPA designation category and management status are likely to have contributed to the non-significant differences shown at the scale of commune for the selected MPAs. In contrast, most of the six variables related to fishing showed differences between ports inside and outside MPAs, although these results need further ground truthing to discriminate attribution of effects. The characteristics of the IMPASEA make it a sound monitoring and assessment framework that could be applied in different contexts and to different types of sustainability assessments involving protected areas or other spatially-defined entities under certain conditions: existence of consistent time series of fine-scale socioeconomic data and avoidance of overlap of designation categories over single spaces.     

柴达木盆地环境问题及对策建议

柴达木盆地连接西藏、新疆南疆、河西走廊,在西部大开发中处于重要的战略地位。本文对盆地的地貌,森林、草地、水矿藏等环境的现状,存在的主要环境问题进行了详细论述,提出了防治对策建议。     

环境激素对鱼的影响

环境激素是存在于环境之中,以某种方式干扰正常内分泌功能的天然或合成的化合物。鱼在水生生态系统之中分布广泛,是在食物链中具有重要位置的物种,在毒理学和生态风险评价中具有重要的实验价值。文中对鱼暴露于一些常见环境激素时,受激素调节的生殖和发育过程所受到的影响及相应机理进行了探讨。同时介绍了鱼应用于水环境中激素的筛选与监测评价的方法。