移动通信基站单元/模块级产品的环境与电磁兼容测试

本文从测试需求,测试方法,测试原理等方面介绍移动通信基站单元/模块级产品的环境与电磁兼容测试,包括上电冷启动测试,温度骤降测试,机械振动测试,接地阻抗测试和射频隔离度测试等.     

服装面积因子的测评

利用暖体假人测定服装热阻时,考虑到着装后服装外表面积变大导致的边界空气层变化对服装的基本或固有热阻的影响,需引入服装面积因子的概念。本文首先阐述了服装面积因子的定义和应用：接着从直接法和间接法两大方法归纳现有测评服装面积因子的研究：最后对服装面积因子与热阻间的关系做了详细论述。     

火灾现场清理中工作人员的安全与防护

本文主要描述了火灾现场清理中工作人员所面临的各种风险与危害,同时也提出了预防这些危害的方法与措施。     

关于开辟珲春防川自由港问题的探讨

港口资源的开发对区域经济社会的发展具有重要意义。本文着重分析了珲春防川建立自由港的国内外环境特点:(1)港口位于东北亚轴心与经济枢纽部位;(2)环日本海各国间存在着较强的资源、技术、劳动力、资金等生产要素的不平衡;(3)建港地区的开发已经令周边各国瞩目;(4)建港地区具有开发的内在优势。提出珲春防川自由港类型选择及建设步骤。对东北地区的开发和我国全方位开放具有重要的参考价值。     

Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

Chlorine(Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis.This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products(oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment(water washing, sorting,microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace(absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.     

活化方式对过硫酸盐强化剩余污泥发酵的影响

对比考察了二价铁（Fe²⁺）、零价铁（ZVI）、超声波（US）3种活化方式对过硫酸盐（S₂O₈^2-）预处理剩余污泥的溶胞性能,并研究其对污泥厌氧发酵产酸进程的促进效能.结果表明,相对比未预处理污泥,S₂O₈^2-能够明显促进剩余污泥溶胞和发酵产酸进程;同时,活化后的S₂O₈^2-预处理效果明显优于未活化预处理实验组,其中S₂O₈^2-+Fe²⁺预处理体系的促进作用最为明显.Fe²⁺、ZVI和US活化S₂O₈^2-的3组溶胞率分别为42.6%、36.5%和32.9%,相比未活化实验组（22.3%）提高了10.6%～20.3%;3组活化体系最大挥发酸浓度分别为8052,6613,4996mg COD/L,而未活化组仅为3296mg COD/L.此外,不同方式活化S₂O₈^2-预处理对溶解性有机物溶出及挥发酸组分分布也有一定影响.从环境和经济角度来看,S₂O₈^2-+Fe²⁺体系对促进污泥发酵进程具有更大意义.     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅳ.粮食估产理论、模型及其应用

粮食估产的“通道-概率”理论：把属于最近通道的历年来的产量划分为5个气候年型通道,即丰产年、偏丰年、平产年、偏欠年、欠产年;计算产量出现在5个气候年型中的频率作为概率使用,估产年的初始估产值等于预测年各通道内平均产量与概率之积的和;估产值等于初始估产值与气候年型修正参数之积,专家根据当年气候条件和作物长势实时确定修正参数。预报单元为全国、省和县。应用结果表明：国家尺度上不需要修正,省和县级尺度需要气候年型参数修正;预测误差在3％以内;所述估产理论严谨、方法简单,参数少,参数来自原始数据本身和专家经验,易于推广使用。     

GIS‐Based Stream Classification in a Mountain Watershed for Jurisdictional Evaluation

This study analyzed stream characteristics in a mountain watershed in southwestern Colorado and developed a three‐level hierarchical classification scheme using national datasets to demonstrate jurisdictional evaluation as “waters of the United States (U.S.)” under U.S. Clean Water Act Section 404 at the watershed scale. The National Hydrography Dataset and USGS StreamStats were used with field observations to classify streams in the 53 km² Cement Creek Watershed based on flow duration (Level 1), stream order (Level 2), and other biophysical metrics (Level 3). Kruskal‐Wallis tests and discriminant analysis showed significant differences among Level 2 classes. Level 3 classification used cluster analysis for stream length, distance to the downstream traditional navigable water (TNW), and the ratio of mean annual flow from the source stream to the TNW. Results showed all perennial and intermittent streams are jurisdictional relatively permanent waters (RPWs), which include over a third of all streams, 64% are intermittent or ephemeral, and almost half are ephemeral first order. All ephemeral reaches are non‐RPWs requiring significant nexus evaluation to determine jurisdiction. These ephemeral first‐order streams can contribute 5% of the annual flow to the TNW at the confluence, while the Cement Creek main stem contributes 21% of the TNW flow. The study demonstrated that the classification provides key biophysical and regulatory information to aid jurisdictional evaluations in mountain watersheds.     

Large Biases in Regression‐Based Constituent Flux Estimates: Causes and Diagnostic Tools

It has been documented in the literature that, in some cases, widely used regression‐based models can produce severely biased estimates of long‐term mean river fluxes of various constituents. These models, estimated using sample values of concentration, discharge, and date, are used to compute estimated fluxes for a multiyear period at a daily time step. This study compares results of the LOADEST seven‐parameter model, LOADEST five‐parameter model, and the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) model using subsampling of six very large datasets to better understand this bias problem. This analysis considers sample datasets for dissolved nitrate and total phosphorus. The results show that LOADEST‐7 and LOADEST‐5, although they often produce very nearly unbiased results, can produce highly biased results. This study identifies three conditions that can give rise to these severe biases: (1) lack of fit of the log of concentration vs. log discharge relationship, (2) substantial differences in the shape of this relationship across seasons, and (3) severely heteroscedastic residuals. The WRTDS model is more resistant to the bias problem than the LOADEST models but is not immune to them. Understanding the causes of the bias problem is crucial to selecting an appropriate method for flux computations. Diagnostic tools for identifying the potential for bias problems are introduced, and strategies for resolving bias problems are described.     

黑龙江省主要气象灾害对粮食产量的影响及减灾对策

本文用1965～1992年粮食产量和气象资料,采用组合因子处理气象资料方法,定量分析了黑龙江省主要气象灾害对粮食产量的影响,并提出了相应减灾对策。