湖泊碳循环研究进展及研究方法

近年来,碳循环问题日益成为全球变化与地球科学研究领域的前沿与热点问题,其中陆地生态系统碳循环又是全球碳循环中最复杂、受人类活动影响最大的部分,湖泊生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在维护区域生态平衡和生物多样性保护等方面具有重要作用。由于全球湖泊面积迅速减少,湖泊生态系统正常的水循环和碳循环过程产生一定的变化,湖泊生态系统的演变也可能是全球大气CO2含量升高的一个不可忽视的因素,因此了解湖泊碳循环国内外研究进展及研究方法,对于研究湖泊碳循环对全球碳循环的作用有重要的意义。     

测量不确定度评定及实例分析

一切测量结果都不可避免地具有不确定度。合理的分析评定不确定度是实验室内部质量控制和评价检测质量非常重要的程序之一,也是环境监测实验室必须重视的问题。作为环境监测部门,要给予足够的重视,掌握相关测量不确定度评定方法并应用到实际工作中,保证监测结果的准确、可靠、可信。文章通过测量水中的总氮含量为例,通过总氮测定过程,分析了影响总氮测量不确定度的因素,给出了相对标准不确定度分量,并具体阐明了测量不确定度的评定步骤,得出测量扩展不确定度的结果。     

城镇环境规划

文章主要探讨了编制小城镇环境规划的理论基础、指标体系、主要内容、城镇环境专题规划及其技术方法,重点对空气污染防治规划、水环境专题规划、噪声污染控制规划和城镇固体废物处理及处置专题规划作了具体分析,论证了正确处理城镇发展与环境保护之间的关系,改善城镇环境质量,促进城镇生态系统的良性循环,实现城镇的可持续发展,已成为各国政府环境保护工作的重点.     

Measuring mining safety with injury statistics: lost workdays as indicators of risk

PROBLEM: Mining in the United States remains one of the most hazardous industries, despite significant reductions in fatal injury rates over the last century. Coal mine fatality rates, for example, have dropped almost a thousand-fold since their peak in 1908. While incidence rates are very important indicators, lost worktime measures offer an alternative metric for evaluating job safety and health performance. The first objective of this study examined the distributions and summary statistics of all injuries reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration from 1983 through 2004. Over the period studied (1983-2004), there were 31,515,368 lost workdays associated with mining injuries, for an equivalent of 5,700 person-years lost annually. The second objective addressed the problem of comparing safety program performance in mines for situations where denominator data were lacking. By examining the consequences of injuries, comparisons can be made between disparate operations without the need for denominators. Total risk in the form of lost workday sums can help to distinguish between lower- and higher-risk operations or time periods. METHOD: Our method was to use a beta distribution to model the losses and to compare underground coal mining to underground metal/nonmetal mining from 2000 to 2004. RESULTS: Our results showed the probability of an injury having 10 or more lost workdays was 0.52 for coal mine cases versus 0.35 for metal/nonmetal mine cases. In addition, a comparison of injuries involving continuous mining machines over 2001-2002 versus 2003-2004 showed that the ratio of average losses in the later period to those in the earlier period was approximately 1.08, suggesting increasing risks for such operations. DISCUSSION: This denominator-free safety measure will help the mining industry more effectively identify higher-risk operations and more realistically evaluate their safety improvement programs. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Attention to a variety of metrics concerning the performance of a job safety and health program will enhance industry's ability to manage these programs and reduce risk.     

几种土壤重金属污染评价方法的对比

土壤重金属污染评价是土壤环境管理的基础性工作,采用合理的污染评价方法,才能识别土壤重金属污染状况,满足土壤环境管理和决策需要。选择单因子指数法、地质累积指数法、次生原生比值法和富集因子法四种方法进行对比分析,并进行实例计算和结果对比评价。结果表明:单因子指数法简单灵活,评价结果能直观反映土壤的污染情况,是比较实用的评价方法,但其将污染等级与元素实际含量简单地看成线性关系,导致评价结果较其它方法偏高。地质累积指数法是在单因子指数法基础上改进而来,计算公式较为简洁,污染评价结果较单因子指数法低。次生原生比值法突出元素形态的影响,未考虑元素总量和背景值,导致评价结果不能有效地与其它评价方法进行比较,在部分数据上还会出现污染浓度高却得到污染等级低的结论。富集因子法不仅考虑了元素的背景值,而且以地球化学过程中人为污染少、化学性质稳定、分析结果精确度高的Fe、Al、Si等元素作为参比元素,评价结果与地质累积指数法具有高度一致性,能够很好地体现土壤污染状况,但参比元素的实测值不易获取。研究结果可为土壤重金属污染评价方法的选取与改进提供基础数据。     

沉积物质量综合评价及应用证据权重法的案例分析

水体沉积物是水生生态系统重要的组成部分,沉积物污染将影响整个水生生态系统,因此有必要构建科学全面的水体沉积物质量评价方法,为环境污染修复与监管提供科学依据。已有文献报道了多种沉积物质量评价方法。其中,证据权重法通过对不同的证据进行测定与整合,弥补了传统评价方法的不足,可以对沉积物质量进行科学全面的评价。本文对证据权重法中化学分析、生物毒性和底栖生物群落结构3种证据的测量方法、赋权方法、证据整合与信息解译方法进行了系统评述,并以淡水河为例介绍了用多目标决策理想点法(TOPSIS)整合数据进行沉积物质量综合评价的方法。     

The Importance of the Chosen Technique to Estimate Diffuse Solar Radiation by Means of Regression

The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is one of the widely used methods which is used for estimating the diffuse solar radiation. However, in order to use the OLS method in the estimation, the dataset must provide certain assumptions. In this study, alternative robust methods have been described and they were compared with the OLS method, which is used for estimating diffuse radiation frequently in an application. At the end of the analysis, the R² value obtained by the OLS method is less than the values obtained by M regression models. In other words, the explanation of the dependent value is weak when the OLS method is used. Finally, it can be said that the most appropriate method is Andrews for estimating the diffuse solar radiation.     

A post‐earthquake psychopathological investigation in Armenia: methodology,summary of findings,and follow‐up

The post‐earthquake psychopathological investigation (PEPSI) was designed to probe the short‐and long‐term effects of the earthquake in northern Armenia on 7 December 1988 on survivors' mental and physical health. Four phases of this study have been conducted to date, and, overall, more than 80 per cent of a sub‐sample of 1,773 drawn from an initial cohort of 32,743 was successfully followed during 2012. This paper describes the methodology employed in the evaluation, summarises previous findings, details the current objectives, and examines the general characteristics of the sample based on the most recent follow‐up phase outcomes. Despite a significant decrease in psychopathology rates between 1990 and 2012, prevalence rates of post‐traumatic stress disorder and depression among study participants in 2012 were greater than 15 and 26 per cent, respectively. The paper also notes the strengths and limitations of the study vis‐à‐vis future research and highlights the importance and potential practical implications of similar assessments and their outcomes.     

国外固定源VOCs排放控制法规与标准研究

对美国、欧盟、日本的固定源VOCs排放控制法规和标准进行了研究,提出了我国VOCs排放控制及其标准制订建议.笔者认为,应从健全VOCs排放标准体系、创新VOCs排放控制思路、提高VOCs排放控制效率、统一VOCs监测考核方法几方面入手,借鉴国外成功的环境管理思路和经验,以及相应法规、标准要求,走出一条适合我国的简便高效的VOCs控制之路.     

全球及区域碳模拟与源汇同化反演研究进展

近年来,全球和区域碳模拟与同化反演系统(简称“碳同化系统”)快速发展,并被广泛应用于不同时空尺度的碳通量和碳汇估算、碳排放量校核研究中,为支撑全球碳盘点提供了关键技术手段。文章回顾了国内外主要碳同化系统的发展历程和应用案例,总结了当前常见的全球和区域碳同化系统的结构和特点,包括使用的大气传输模式、同化方法、空间分辨率等内容;探讨了当前常见模型系统应用中的关键问题、不足与发展方向,以期为碳同化系统应用于我国环境管理和气候变化工作提供参考。