生态风险与生态安全的评价方法及前景

各种生态环境问题的严重后果引起了人们对环境与生态的重视,并催生了生态风险与生态安全评价.为了更好地进行这两方面的评价,首先分别综述生态风险和生态安全评价的发展进程,突出主要研究方法的介绍,由此总结生态风险评价与生态安全评价的关系以及生态风险与生态安全评价的发展趋势.生态风险评价主要有健康危险度法、环评指数法、景观生态法、空间统计或地统计法、相对风险模型等方法;生态安全评价主要有综合指数法、景观生态法、生态承载力和生态足迹方法、突变级数等方法.生态风险与生态安全评价是从相反的角度研究生态系统的状况和潜在威胁,生态风险评价偏重细节分析,生态安全评价偏重整体分析.空间和时间尺度的扩大、评价方法的改进、评价标准的制定和评价的可信性检验都是生态风险评价与生态安全评价的发展趋势.     

土壤重金属污染研究与治理现状

对土壤重金属污染研究和治理方法现状进行了介绍：涉及的具体内容包括土壤重金属元素背景值。化学定时炸弹的概念,土壤环境与人类健康和物理、化学、生物治理方法。     

建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理研究方案架构

基于建筑全生命周期这个主线,建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理研究,以绿色建筑供应链运行效率为导向,以既有建筑节能改造效率为切入点,以产业链过程中各主体行为规律为基础,采用“总-分-合”的基本研究思路模式,聚焦了“主导企业驱动下绿色建筑供应链协调机理与策略、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担机理、建筑废弃物再生利用产业链主体社会责任共担机理”等三部分核心内容,初步形成建筑可持续发展视角下供应链协调与社会责任共担机理的理论体系。本成果采用“总-分-合”的思路模式,基于循环经济理念和主体行为策略视角,遵循研究的学理逻辑,以研究生学位论文为基础,开展“主导企业驱动下绿色建筑供应链协调机理与策略、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担机理、建筑废弃物再生利用产业链主体社会责任共担机理”3个子课题研究,从系统整体概况实施全面研究规划着手,构架了总括、绿色建筑供应链协调机理、既有建筑节能改造主体社会责任共担、建筑废弃物再生利用社会责任共担、总结等五大模块及上中下三大篇共12章的系统体系。     

流域初始水权分配研究进展

当前我国水资源存在短缺和使用效率低下等问题,其最核心的解决办法就是建立水权市场,而其中的关键在于界定初始水权。通过界定初始水权,在各流域行政区域之间合理地分配。简要介绍了流域初始水权分配的最新研究进展和动态,主要包括分配原则、分配指标体系、分配方法和分配机制等方面。对这些研究进行了评述并且指出了存在的问题。由于水资源分配的特殊性,涉及到水量、水质和其它一些因素,单纯的分配水权难以获得成功。在此基础上,探讨了流域初始水权分配的未来研究方向,即在考虑到了水权、排污权和林权等集成的基础上,综合考虑初始水权分配的原则、指标体系和机制等,并且在分配方法上由单一目标模型向多目标模型发展,不确定性和模糊优化模型是未来流域水资源分配模型的发展方向。     

Detecting pattern in biological stressor response relationships using model based cluster analysis

Environmental monitoring of aquatic systems is needed to estimate the quality of the systems, to evaluate standards and to study stressor–response relationships. Monitoring programs often focus on the collection of biological, chemical and physical measures of the system. An important concern is the effect of chemical and physical stressors on the biological community. Evaluation of relationships may be difficult as the extent of the relationship is not known. From a management perspective, interest is on what factors affect the biological community and where these factors have an influence. The focus of this paper is on the use of regression based cluster analysis as a tool for finding relationships between a single biological response and a suite of environmental stressors. The approach to cluster analysis uses a penalized regression classification likelihood and Markov Chain Model Composition Monte Carlo. This approach allows for simultaneous development of regression models and clustering of the regression models. The method is applied to the analysis of a data set describing stressors/response relationship in Ohio.     

A finite element method to solve a population dynamics stage-structured model of intertidal barnacles

Many marine organisms are fixed or highly sedentary as adults but the adult population may be strongly dependent on the oceanic transport of planktonic larvae. In order to assess interactions between oceanographic and biological processes that determine the population dynamics of marine organisms with a sessile adult phase restricted to the coastline and a planktonic larval phase, we present a stage-structured finite element model for the barnacle Balanus glandula that inhabits the rocky intertidal zone of central California, USA.     

National Responsibilities in European Species Conservation: a Methodological Review

Abstract: One particular challenge in reducing the loss of biodiversity by 2010, as agreed on at the Earth Summit in 2002, is to assign conservation tasks to geographic or administrative entities (e.g., countries or regions) on different geographical scales. To identify conservation tasks, it is imperative to determine the importance of a specific area for the global survival of a species. So far, these national or subnational responsibilities for the conservation of species have been included differently in methods prioritizing conservation. We reviewed how 12 European and 3 non‐European methods determined national conservation responsibilities and evaluated the international importance of a biological population. Different countries used different methodologies, which made a direct comparison of assessments of national responsibilities among countries extremely difficult. Differences existed in the importance criteria used. Criteria included population decline, range reduction, rarity status, degree of isolation of a population, endemism, proportional distribution, and geographic location. To increase comparability, it is imperative to develop criteria for which data are generally available and to standardize the methodology among countries. A standardized method would allow conservation decisions to be based on the conservation status of a species and on the responsibility of a geographic or administrative entity for the survival of a species. We suggest that such a method should use a scalable index of proportional distribution, taxonomic status, and the distribution pattern of a taxon or species as key elements. Such a method would allow for the creation of hierarchical lists and would be highly relevant for parts of the world with multiple political jurisdictions or state unions and for nations with regional governmental structures. Conservation priorities could then be reasonably set by combining national responsibility assessments with the international conservation status of a species.     

川南页岩气区块生命周期用水核算

选取川南页岩气区块为研究对象,运用过程生命周期评估和投入产出生命周期方法核算页岩气开采生命周期的直接和间接用水量,并与美国Marcellus页岩气区块用水量进行比较。川南区块总直接用水量为22 928 m^3/井,高于Marcellus区块的总直接用水量15 320 m^3/井。从生命周期阶段来看,川南页岩气开采钻井和压裂阶段的直接用水均远大于Marcellus区块。结合水环境管理指标,自然资源禀赋条件主要决定了直接用水量的差异。川南区块总间接用水量为25 098 m^3/井,超过总直接用水量,约为Marcellus区块总间接用水量的3倍。除井场准备阶段外,其余阶段的间接用水量均大于Marcellus区块,间接用水量的差异与钻井和压裂过程的添加剂、能源使用量和全行业用水效率有关。减少川南区块页岩气开发用水量的主要途径包括提高钻井液和压裂液回用率、改善钻井和压裂添加剂使用效率、提高柴油和电力等能源利用效率和全行业用水效率。     

地铁振动引起的二次辐射噪声适用标准研究

研究了城市地铁产生的二次辐射噪声测量现状及评价方法,依据现行地铁二次辐射噪声监测相关标准,对城市地铁产生的二次辐射噪声进行测量,将JGJ/T 170—2009、GB 50118—2010和GB/T 50355—2018中规定的限值与地铁二次辐射噪声的特征频谱、环境影响评价以及噪声限值进行了对比分析。结果显示,现行标准限值在执行中存在一定的不完善之处,需要根据实测数据重新分析评价标准的适用性、准确性和合理性。结合当前噪声管理的社会需求,提出了声级增量和特征频谱增量的概念,并将分析结果与现行标准值进行了比较分析,表明声级增量和特征频谱增量能更好地反映二次辐射噪声的影响,对于地铁二次辐射噪声标准的制修订具有参考价值。     

Estimating Root Zone Soil Moisture at Continental Scale Using Neural Networks

This study investigates the feasibility of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to retrieve root zone soil moisture (RZSM) at the depths of 20 cm (SM20) and 50 cm (SM50) at a continental scale, using surface information. To train the ANNs to capture interactions between land surface and various climatic patterns, data of 557 stations over the continental United States were collected. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the ANNs were able to identify input variables that directly affect the water and energy balance in root zone. The data important for RZSM retrieval in a large area included soil texture, surface soil moisture, and the cumulative values of air temperature, surface soil temperature, rainfall, and snowfall. The results showed that the ANNs had high skill in retrieving SM20 with a correlation coefficient above 0.7 in most cases, but were less effective at estimating SM50. The comparison of the ANNs showed that using soil texture data improved the model performance, especially for the estimation of SM50. It was demonstrated that the ANNs had high flexibility for applications in different climatic regions. The method was used to generate RZSM in North America using Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) soil moisture data, and achieved a spatial soil moisture pattern comparable to that of Global Land Data Assimilation System Noah model with comparable performance to the SMOS surface soil moisture retrievals. The models can be efficient alternatives to assimilate remote sensing soil moisture data for shallow RZSM retrieval.