Assessment of phenylurea herbicides sorption on various Mediterranean soils affected by irrigation with wastewater

The retention values of two herbicides, chlorotoluron and isoproturon, in five Mediterranean soils were assessed by two different approaches, a dynamic method, using a batch technique (BT) and a static method, using a soil saturated paste (SP). The SP method led in all cases to lower herbicide sorption when compared with BT, although pesticide distribution constants from both methods were linearly related for the set of used soils (R² ? 0.99) showing that both methods similarly reflected the behaviour of the different soils. Low-quality water, evaluated by employing recycled urban wastewater, did not modify herbicide sorption when compared with high quality water, in any soil and with any method.     

饮用水中苯系物的检测方法研究概况

苯系物通常包括苯,甲苯,乙苯,邻、间、对二甲苯,异丙苯和苯乙烯等化合物,它们是重要的化工原料,可以通过各种途径污染饮用水进而严重威胁人类健康。通过对近十几年来国内饮用水中苯系物检测方法地综述及这些方法优缺点地比较,为进一步研究提供有益的参考,并对饮用水中苯系物检测方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

When are historical data sufficient for making watershed-level stream fish management and conservation decisions?

Addressing landscape-level threats to stream fishes such as habitat and hydrological alterations requires adequate watershed-level species inventories. Where watershed-level ichthyofaunal surveys are prohibitively expensive, existing (historical) data sources may provide an option for compiling species lists. However, it is critical that managers consider potential biases or limitations of species lists compiled from existing data. Here we assess the suitability of species lists compiled from existing data sources for making watershed-level fish management and conservation decisions. For nine Great Lakes watersheds, we developed existing species lists by compiling all available federal and state agency and museum fish survey data. We then compared the size and species composition of existing species lists to current species lists compiled from intensive field surveys, conducted in 2002, of the same watersheds. Species lists compiled from commonly available existing data sources, such as state and federal agency and museum data, missed many species detected during our 2002 field surveys. In most watersheds, more than 10 species were missed (range 5–21) on existing lists. Sampling over multiple years and seasons increased the size of both current (field) and existing species lists. Existing species lists compiled from surveys conducted over multiple years and seasons included an average of 15 species not captured during the 2002 field surveys. However, such multiyear existing datasets are rare and not available for many watersheds. In addition, species lists compiled from older existing surveys (e.g., before 1984) did not accurately represent current species composition of the watersheds and our results indicate several apparent misidentifications or errors on these lists. Lastly, while most game species were detected on existing lists, migratory species and recently introduced species were commonly missed on these lists. We conclude with recommendations for using existing data for watershed-level stream fish management and conservation decisions.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: John Twigg and Mihir R. Bhatt, eds, Understanding Vulnerability Joachim von Braun, Tesfaye Teklu and Patrick Webb, Famine in Africa: Causes, Responses, and Prevention C. Emdad Haque, Hazrads in a Fickle Environment: Bangladesh Walter Gillis Peacock, Betty Hearn Morrow and Hugh Gladwin, eds, Population and Food: Global Trends and Future Prospects Roy Gutman and David Rieff, eds, Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know     

An overview of systems analysis methods in delineating environmental quality indices

Environmental quality indices (EQIs) have been developed for a variety of purposes ranging from enforcement of environmental standards, to analysis of trends of environmental degradation or improvement, to scientific research. EQIs currently in use are not organized within an integrated framework and thus it has been difficult to analyze adequately complex, multidisciplinary, large-scale, global phenomena. In this paper we compare four different approaches to developing EQIs within a systems perspective. Our analysis suggests that: (1) non-linear regression models that represent an ecosystem's response to different impacts within a stress-response framework (method of response functions) are useful tools for analysis of environmental data; (2) non-equilibrium thermodynamics models based on the concept of exergy, which represents the free energy a system possesses in relation to its environment, provide a common basis for representing many aspects of ecosystem development and response to environmental impacts as a single measure; (3) diagram models based on the concept of emergy, which represents both environmental values and economic values with a single measure, provide a common basis for integrating economic development and environmental protection values into one index; and (4) complex systems simulation models based on general systems theory, which use the methodologies of systems analysis and simulation to identify, quantify, and interrelate EQIs within a dynamic systems context, provide explicit linkages between causes and effects (vertical integration) and identify cross-linkages among different environmental issues (horizontal integration).     

水滑石类材料的制备及在水污染治理中的应用

简要介绍了目前国内外水滑石类材料的各种制备方法,包括共沉淀法、焙烧还原法、离子交换法等。同时总结了其作为催化剂和离子交换剂在修复阴离子污染水体、印染废水脱色、重金属去除等方面应用。     

创新是企业发展的基础和源泉

创新是企业的主要功能,是管理现状的客观需要,是企业和员工共同预期的本质要求.树立人本管理思想,提高全员素质,加快信息体系培育,加强组织管理体系建设及价值观和思维方式的更新是创新工作的根源和基础.企业要通过统一认识,加强学习和扎实抓好工作的落实来实现创新工作.     

海洋环境下金属腐蚀评估与预测研究现状

围绕金属在海洋环境中所面临的腐蚀问题,概述了金属海洋环境腐蚀评估与预测研究现状。首先,探讨了海洋环境中多种化学、物理和生物因素对金属腐蚀的影响,归纳总结了当前常用的金属腐蚀评估方法,涵盖基于试验和检测结果、仿真计算和大数据分析的评估方法。此外,全面综述了现有经验式、基于物理机制以及数据驱动的金属腐蚀预测模型的特点及应用现状,提出了未来金属海洋环境腐蚀评估和预测的研究方向。     

基于突变模型的我国食品安全风险评估

为评估我国食品安全风险,基于突变模型和结构稳定性理论,从食品产业链视角设计食品安全风险评估指标,分别测度食品的生产环节、流通环节和消费环节的风险度,得出我国近年来食品安全的总风险度,并找出我国食品的薄弱环节。结果表明:生产环节的风险度呈下降趋势,流通环节和消费环节的风险度波动较大,消费环节的风险度整体呈上升趋势,因此,流通环节和消费环节是我国食品安全需要加强的环节;近年来我国食品安全总风险值整体呈下降趋势,但仍有短暂波动,食品安全问题仍需重视。     

安全工程专业教学方法改革与创新型人才培养

为了应对当今不断发展和进步的科技社会的调整与挑战,提高安全专业技术人才的综合素质,分析了安全工程专业特点及创新能力建设与安全工程专业的关系,提出了通过改革教学方法,提高安全工程技术人才的创新能力。教师在教学过程中应充分考虑安全工程专业学生的特点及各门课程的类型和特点,宜灵活采用多样化的课堂教学方法,如模块式分层案例教学、支架式教学、启发讨论式教学、多媒体教学及标准化实验教学等。教学方法的选择和优化对提高学生学习的积极性,激发学生的创造性,提升教学质量具有重要意义。