中国石化环保技术评估体系研究

介绍了中国石化环保技术评估体系的5个研究内容:选择适合于中国石化的环保技术评估方法;确立评估体系框架;确定指标权重;分析评价结果;对体系可行性进行验证。     

如何建立公路声屏障产品质量控制体系

笔者通过对国内公路声屏障产品质量的关注,深入剖析产生产品质量问题的内在原因及外部环境。提出建立公路声屏障产品质量控制体系的思路与实施方法,供大家一起探讨和完善。     

富硅肥料和水分管理对稻米镉污染阻控效果研究

在已筛选出的施硅方式(基施和叶面喷施相结合)基础上,选择典型单一镉污染稻田土壤(pH=4.97,总Cd 4.1 mg·kg~(-1)),并结合2种稻田水分管理方式,进一步开展不同水肥管理方式对常规早稻(湘早籼45)和杂交晚稻(丰源优299)的3个生育期内各部位中Cd含量及成熟期生物量的影响研究.实验设计4个处理:不施硅肥+常规间歇淹水措施(CK)、不施硅肥+全生育期淹水措施(W)、2种硅肥配施+常规间歇淹水措施(SiLsi)、2种硅肥配施+全生育期淹水措施(SiLsi+W).结果表明,4个处理下,早晚稻试验结果基本一致,但各试验处理对晚稻的阻镉效果更加明显;与CK相比,各处理都能显著降低水稻籽粒中Cd的含量且不会明显影响水稻产量,其中以SiLsi+W对籽粒的降Cd效果最佳(晚稻精米中Cd的含量为0.12 mg·kg~(-1),达到了国家粮食安全生产标准:Cd0.2 mg·kg~(-1)),分别使晚稻谷壳、糙米和精米的降Cd幅度达到93.65%、86.70%和91.18%,W和Si Lsi处理的降Cd效果次之.因此,SiLsi+W可作为一种有效的稻米镉污染控制技术.     

含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道失效评估研究

综合对比分析了ASME B31G、RSTRENG、DNV RP-F101等6种含腐蚀缺陷管道剩余强度的评估方法。将各方法应用到含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道进行失效压力预测,并将计算结果与全尺寸爆破实验结果进行对比,研究不同评估方法评估结果的准确性,以及管壁厚度、缺陷深度比和流动应力取值对评估结果的影响。研究结果表明,DNV RP-F101、PCORRC和LPC-1这3种方法更适用于含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道的失效评估。     

电化学方法检测海水中铁的研究进展

海水中的痕量铁作为限制海洋浮游植物初级生产力的关键因素之一,在海洋生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用.及时分析海水中铁的不同存在形态及其含量,对于进一步认识铁循环机制和有效预防海洋环境污染具有重要意义.电化学方法较其他分析方法在检测海水中痕量铁的含量,尤其是形态分析方面具有独特的优势.本文总结了运用电化学方法检测海水及其他自然水体中铁的分析方法,以期为发展准确、快速测定海水中痕量铁的形态及其含量的分析技术提供基础性参考.     

旅游活动的碳核算方法及研究趋势

旅游活动低碳化是新时期旅游业发展及其应对气候变化行动的根本需求。旅游活动碳核算作为低碳旅游研究的核心基础，旨在通过量化分析旅游活动的相关碳排放以准确评价其对气候变化的影响，进而为低碳旅游建设提供决策和数据支持。采用文献归纳及对比分析等方法，对过去一段时期的旅游碳排放及低碳旅游研究做了全面综述，发现当前旅游碳核算多基于公式模型模拟估算和滞后的公开数据，在测算过程中受边界模糊、数据获取困难、模型普适性差等因素影响，核算结果存在不确定性且不具备可比性。同时，不同主体低碳旅游内涵的差异导致对核算结果的需求不同，与实践寻求存在脱节。因此，未来亟需建立统一的旅游行业碳核算规范与标准体系，确定旅游碳排放核算方法及其基线，拓展低碳旅游研究深度及广度，开展低碳旅游科学示范点建设，重视政策制定实践性方面的研究。     

国外物质流分析研究进展

回顾了国外物质流分析研究的起源和发展,并对其主流研究方法作一概述;探讨了物质流分析研究框架及指标体系的发展及应用,对30余个国家的指标体系使用情况做一统计;总结了国外已研究物质流分析的主要国家物质流分析信息的应用情况;指出了国外物质流分析研究的不足之处。     

Social and Ecological Change over a Decade in a Village Hunting System,Central Gabon

Despite widespread recognition of the major threat to tropical forest biological diversity and local food security posed by unsustainable bushmeat hunting, virtually no long‐term studies tracking the socioecological dynamics of hunting systems have been conducted. We interviewed local hunters and collected detailed hunting data to investigate changes in offtake and hunter characteristics over 10 years (2001–2010) in Dibouka and Kouagna villages, central Gabon, in the context of hunter recollections of longer term trends since the 1950s. To control for changes in hunter behavior, such as trap location and characteristics, we report hunting offtake data per trap. Our results suggest the hunting area was already highly depleted by 2001; local hunters reported that 16 large‐bodied prey species had become rare or locally extirpated over the last 60 years. Overall, we observed no significant declines in hunting offtake or changes in species composition from 2001 to 2010, and offtakes per trap increased slightly between 2004 and 2010. However, trapping distance from the villages increased, and there was a switch in hunting techniques; a larger proportion of the catch was hunted with guns in 2010. The number of hunters declined by 20% from 2004 to 2010, and male livelihood activities shifted away from hunting. Hunters with the lowest hunting incomes in 2004 were more likely than successful hunters to have moved away from the village by 2010 (often in response to alternative employment opportunities). Therefore, changes in trap success (potentially related to biological factors) were interacting with system‐level changes in hunter number and composition (related to external socioeconomic factors) to produce a relatively static overall offtake. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the small‐scale context of hunting to correctly interpret changes or apparent stasis in hunting effort and offtake over time. Cambio Social y Ecológico a lo Largo de Una Década en un Sistema de Cacería Aldeana, Gabón Central     

Weighted Regressions on Time,Discharge, and Season (WRTDS), with an Application to Chesapeake Bay River Inputs1

Hirsch, Robert M., Douglas L. Moyer, and Stacey A. Archfield, 2010. Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS), With an Application to Chesapeake Bay River Inputs. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(5):857-880. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00482.x Abstract: A new approach to the analysis of long-term surface water-quality data is proposed and implemented. The goal of this approach is to increase the amount of information that is extracted from the types of rich water-quality datasets that now exist. The method is formulated to allow for maximum flexibility in representations of the long-term trend, seasonal components, and discharge-related components of the behavior of the water-quality variable of interest. It is designed to provide internally consistent estimates of the actual history of concentrations and fluxes as well as histories that eliminate the influence of year-to-year variations in streamflow. The method employs the use of weighted regressions of concentrations on time, discharge, and season. Finally, the method is designed to be useful as a diagnostic tool regarding the kinds of changes that are taking place in the watershed related to point sources, groundwater sources, and surface-water nonpoint sources. The method is applied to datasets for the nine large tributaries of Chesapeake Bay from 1978 to 2008. The results show a wide range of patterns of change in total phosphorus and in dissolved nitrate plus nitrite. These results should prove useful in further examination of the causes of changes, or lack of changes, and may help inform decisions about future actions to reduce nutrient enrichment in the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed.     

Disturbance-Response Analysis: a Method for Rapid Assessment of the Threat to Species in Disturbed Areas

Abstract:  We developed a method with which to analyze a specie's response to chronic anthropogenic disturbance (CAD). We regressed density of individuals on the intensity of 3 disturbance agents (human activities, raising livestock, and land degradation) along CAD gradients to determine how much CAD is experienced by a species; whether species are ruderal (achieving maximum densities in disturbed sites); whether density declines as a result of CAD; which disturbance agents are responsible for this reduction; and the number of populations that decline as a result of CAD. We tested the method on 9 threatened Mammillaria species (Cactaceae). Seven species were ruderal. In 4 species, actual disturbance surpassed the CAD intensity in which plants achieved their maximum densities; thus, the density of those 4 species appeared to be declining. For 7 species, some populations were threatened by human activities or livestock, whereas others were favored by them. Land degradation negatively affected all species. Our results allowed us to distinguish 4 groups of species that had similar responses and thus may require different forms of management. Our method provided an estimation of the growth rate (λ) of the studied populations that was significantly correlated with λs obtained from demographic studies. The size structures of populations were consistent with the predictions of the analysis, which suggests our results are consistent and reliable. Disturbance–response analysis provides a basis for management in heavily populated areas, where conservation must be achieved along with development activities that cause CAD. The method provides readily interpretable information, which facilitates participative decision making; the data are rapidly generated, which makes it appropriate when results are required promptly or for assessment of large numbers of species; and it provides a comprehensive perception of how threatened species behave in the real world.