基于灰关联度的事故聚类分析

事故是来自系统和环境的风险 ,危害人类的生产、生活和生存活动。对事故进行科学分类是安全管理和事故处理的重要基础。笔者针对现行事故等级分类标准的不足 ,分析了事故造成的人员伤亡和经济损失等多属性特征 ;通过灰关联度确定了各属性指标的不同权重 ,定义了事故间的加权欧氏距离 ;根据事故属性指标的相似度 ,利用聚类分析对事故进行了分类 ;以 2 0 0 3年全国发生的 14起特别重大事故为例进行了实证分析。提出的事故分类思想和方法 ,综合考虑了事故所造成的损失 ,理论严谨、方法实用有效 ,可作为政府有关部门进行事故分类和事故处理的决策依据。     

关于环境空气质量和谐度的研究与应用

在目前我国城市都在应用空气污染指数来评价空气质量的基础上,提出应用环境空气质量和谐度来评价大、中型城市环境空气质量,详细阐述了环境空气质量和谐度的定义、评价依据、级别划分、评价方法以及定性描述,并对环境空气质量和谐度对城市环境空气质量评价进行了应用。     

Distribution of heavy metals in water, particulate matter and sediments of Gediz River (Eastern Aegean)

The present paper is the first document of heavy metal levels in surficial sediment, water and particulate matter of the Gediz River collected from five different sites in August, October 1998, February, June 1999. The present work attempts to establish the status of distribution and environmental implications of metals in the sediment, water and particulate matter and their possible sources of derivation. The concentrations of mercury ranged 0.037–0.81, 120–430; lead 0.59–1.5, 190–8,100; copper 0.24–1.6, 30–180; zinc 0.19–2.9, 10–80; manganese 30–170, 20–490; nickel 0.39–9.0, 100–510; iron 1.3–687, 100–6,200 μg/l in water and particulate matter, respectively. The maximum values in water were generally obtained in summer periods due to industrial and agricultural activities at Muradiye. The particulate metal concentrations also generally showed increased levels from the upper Gediz to the mouth of the river. Calculation of metal partition coefficients shows that the relative importance of the particulate and the water phases varies in response to water hydrochemistry and suspended solid content, but that most elements achieve a conditional equilibrium in the Gediz River. The metals ranged between Hg: 0.25–0.49, Cr: 59–814, Pb: 38–198, Cu: 15–148, Zn: 34–196, Mn: 235–1,371, Ni: 35–175, and Fe: 10,629–72,387 mg/kg in sediment. The significant increase of metals found in Muradiye suggested a pollution effect, related to anthropogenic wastes. Also, relatively high concentrations of Ni and Mn occurred in sampling site upstream, due to geochemical composition of the sediments. Maximum values of contamination factor for metals were noticed for sediment of Muradiye. The sampling stations have very high degree of contamination indicating serious anthropogenic pollution.     

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation conducted to determine the variation of geotechnical properties of synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) at different phases of degradation. Synthetic MSW samples were prepared based on the composition of MSW generated in the United States and were degraded in bioreactors with leachate recirculation. Degradation of the synthetic MSW was quantified based on the gas composition and organic content, and the samples exhumed from the bioreactor cells at different phases of degradation were tested for the geotechnical properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility and shear strength of initial and degraded synthetic MSW were all determined at constant initial moisture content of 50% on wet weight basis. Hydraulic conductivity of synthetic MSW was reduced by two orders of magnitude due to degradation. Compression ratio was reduced from 0.34 for initial fresh waste to 0.15 for the mostly degraded waste. Direct shear tests showed that the fresh and degraded synthetic MSW exhibited continuous strength gain with increase in horizontal deformation, with the cohesion increased from 1 kPa for fresh MSW to 16–40 kPa for degraded MSW and the friction angle decreased from 35° for fresh MSW to 28° for degraded MSW. During the triaxial tests under CU condition, the total strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle, were found to vary from 21 to 57 kPa and 1° to 9°, respectively, while the effective strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle varied from 18 to 56 kPa and from 1° to 11°, respectively. Similar to direct shear test results, as the waste degrades an increase in cohesion and slight decrease in friction angle was observed. Decreased friction angle and increased cohesion with increased degradation is believed to be due to the highly cohesive nature of the synthetic MSW. Variation of synthetic MSW properties from this study also suggests that significant changes in geotechnical properties of MSW can occur due to enhanced degradation induced by leachate recirculation.     

可酸化性与酸化度作为高浓度有机废水厌氧酸化指标的研究

研究了糖蜜酒精废液的酸化规律,在此基础上定义了可酸化性(V C)与酸化度(α)的概念,作为评价高浓度有机废水可酸化特性以及实际酸化效果的指标.实验结果表明,糖蜜酒精废液的可酸化性为0 71.酸化过程产生的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)达3 710 9mg·L- 1 (以COD计)以上时,会对酸化反应本身形成反馈抑制.故测定较高浓度有机废水的可酸化性时,应采取稀释的方法降低废水浓度和酸产量,直至其酸化过程中VFA最高产量低于酸反馈抑制浓度后进行     

我国牧区雪灾判别因子体系及分级初探

本文通过对与一场降雪能否成灾有关的因素进行分析，确定了对一场降雪能否成灾进行判断的判别因子体系，并通过对西藏那曲地区十多年历史积雪气候资料的统计分析，确定了判别因子的分级标准。且运用这些判别因子和分级标准，在判别模型支持下对那曲历史雪灾及其危险程度进行判别与归类，结果与实情基本吻合，说明此判别因子体系及分级标准是可行的。     

沈阳市重点化学危险目标评估

采用“等效积分法”对沈阳市化学危险目标进行化学危险度评估,确定沈阳化工厂等六家企业列为沈阳市重点化学危险目标,建立化学突发事故应急救援体系。建议沈阳化工厂和东北制药总厂建立大气连续自动监测预警系统(监测特征气体),有效预防和控制化学事故发生。     

污染程度的模糊综合评判

污染程度的确定受多种污染因素的影响和制约，本文运用模糊数学理论与方法分析了各种污染影响因素的模糊性和随机性，通过主观和客观评价，模糊变换而得出了污染程度的综合评判模式，为企业生产的环境管理和决策提供了科学依据。     

模糊综合评价法判别堆肥腐熟度研究

对堆肥腐熟程度的评估方法作了研究，首次提出以模糊数学为基础，综合表观指数、碳氮比降解率、平均耗氧速率、微生物量、氨氮变化率等指标的模糊评估法。结果表明，该法全面、简便，有效地量化了堆肥的腐熟度。     

论环境—经济系统协调度

以持续发展理论为核心，以环境－经济系统为研究对象，借助系统工程多目标技术和协同论的观点，建立了环境－经济系统协调度模型。模型分为３个部分，功效函数，协调度函数和环境－经济系统指标体系。模型正确与否关键在于功效函数中的上下限值和指标体系中指标的选取，这两项因子的确定可以参照应用地区的实际情况和因子数据的可获得性来确定，最后应用此模型分析了某市环境－经济系统协调度现状及变化趋势。