七虎林河流域上游溶解性有机质光谱特性分析

七虎林河源头区地表腐殖质随着径流的冲刷进入水体,形成了天然有机质(NOM),其中,溶解性有机质(DOM)易对河流水质造成影响。为了研究七虎林河中DOM的时空分布特征及其对水质的影响,开展了6次采样,分析了水体及土壤吸收光谱和荧光光谱特征参数,利用平行因子(PARAFAC)算法解析了水体DOM的特性及来源。结果表明：七虎林河上游水体五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、化学需氧量(COD)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)的浓度分别为1.4 mg/L±0.2 mg/L、6.1 mg/L±3.0 mg/L、21 mg/L±8 mg/L、7.0 mg/L±3.2 mg/L,BOD₅/COD平均值为0.08,说明流域内水体DOM的可生化性差,对水质影响较小。光谱特征参数紫外吸收系数(SUVA₂₅₄)、荧光指数(FI)、腐殖化指数(HIX)、生物源指数(BIX)分析结果表明,七虎林河上游云山水库库上林区河段DOM的物质组成与水库及库下河段差异显著。库上河段DOM的芳香碳含量更高、分子量更大、自生源组分...     

水源水库沉积物及其上覆水DOM光谱特征

为探究水源水库溶解性有机质(DOM)组成结构及来源,以深圳市茜坑水库为例,采用紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-Vis)并结合平行因子分析法三维荧光光谱技术(EEMs-PARAFAC)对水库表层沉积物及其上覆水的DOM光谱特征进行分析.结果表明:PARAFAC识别出3类荧光组分,分别是Cl(Ex/Em=270/304nm,类蛋...     

Different analysis techniques for fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy to assess compost maturity

Assessment of compost maturity is essential for achieving high quality compost. In this study, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with different analysis techniques was applied to improve the sensitivity of compost maturity assessment. Results showed that composts in two parallel piles could be believed mature after 37 d when combined with the evolution of temperature, chemical and biological indices in the two piles. Pearson correlation between the common maturity indices and fluorescence analysis parameters demonstrated that fluorescence regional integration (FRI) had a higher correlation coefficient than that of fluorescence intensities and the ratios of peaks, suggesting that FRI technique is more suitable to characterize the maturity of compost than the other two analysis techniques, i.e., peak intensity and peak ratio. Furthermore, the fluorescence spectroscopy combined with FRI analysis could be used as a valuable industrial and research tool for assessing compost maturity.     

神农架大九湖泥炭地孔隙水溶解有机碳特征及其影响因素

溶解性有机碳（Dissolved Organic Carbon, DOC）是泥炭地碳循环的重要组成部分。以往的研究大多集中在北方泥炭地,而对亚热带季风区泥炭地DOC动力学的认识十分有限。利用紫外可见光光谱（UV-Vis）和三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法（EEM-PARAFAC）研究了神农架大九湖泥炭地孔隙水的DOC浓度与化学组成及其影响因素。EEM-PARAFAC的结果表明：大九湖泥炭地孔隙水DOC主要包含3种类腐殖质组分。紫外可见光和荧光指标表明,泥炭孔隙水DOC表观分子较小,而芳香度较高。深度剖面数据表明,泥炭孔隙水DOC浓度随深度降低,0~10 cm深度浓度最高为24.16 mg/L,150~160 cm深度浓度最低为9.72 mg/L,并且深层DOC以微生物代谢产生的新鲜有机物为主,具有较低的腐殖化度。此外,氧化还原电位（ORP）与DOC浓度及化学性质关系密切。以上结果表明,在亚热带泥炭地中,微生物来源或受微生物改造的有机物是泥炭孔隙水DOC的重要组成部分;垂向输送或选择性保存是影响该亚热带亚高山泥炭地DOC动力学的重要因素。     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

东江流域主要支流溶解性有机质污染特征初探

溶解性有机质（DOM）是天然水体的重要组成部分,其组分构成及含量能够反映河流污染特征。研究利用三维荧光光谱技术对2014年3—4月东江流域8条一级支流下游DOM的荧光组分进行分析。通过寻峰法和平行因子分析（PARAFAC）识别出两种类腐殖质组分（Peak A和Peak B）和两种类蛋白质组分（Peak C和Peak D）;并结合常规水质指标,探索各支流的主要污染源,为东江流域水质管理提供科学依据。结果表明：1)东江流域淡水河和石马河两种类蛋白质显著高于其他支流,两种类腐殖质出现缺失现象。2）8条支流样点的DOM中,Peak C、Peak D与各常规水质参数相关性显著,说明东江流域DOM能够较好地反映水质情况。3）东江流域中上游支流自然生境良好,受到人为活动影响强度低。中游支流受农业及工业的双重污染,类腐殖质及类蛋白质的含量较上游河流有显著增加。下游支流受人为活动影响剧烈,河岸带自然生境破坏严重,河岸固化,使得类腐殖质缺失;工业废水及生活污水大量排放,类蛋白质含量显著上升。4）与国内外其他河流相比,东江流域各支流、珠江干流广州河段及河口、辽河流域太子河均呈现以类蛋白质为主要组分,与长江流域以及国外河流存在显著差异,说明东江流域人类产生的有机污染严重,亟须治理。     

Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic(ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge.Soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 k Da were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than300 k Da increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment(5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment(20.7%) under the same conditions applied.     

Copper and cadmium effects on growth and extracellular exudation of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella: 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy approach

In this study, metal contamination experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of copper and cadmium on the growth of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and on the production of dissolved organic matter (Dissolved Organic Carbon: DOC; Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter: FDOM). This species was exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu²⁺ (9.93 × 10⁻¹⁰–1.00 × 10⁻⁷ M) or Cd²⁺ (1.30 × 10⁻⁸–4.38 × 10⁻⁷ M), to simulate polluted environments. The drastic effects were observed at pCu²⁺ = 7.96 (Cu²⁺: 1.08 × 10⁻⁸ M) and pCd²⁺ = 7.28 (Cd²⁺: 5.19 × 10⁻⁸ M), where cyst formation occurred. Lower levels of Cu²⁺ (pCu²⁺ > 9.00) and Cd²⁺ (pCd²⁺ > 7.28) had no effect on growth. However, when levels of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were beyond 10⁻⁷ M, the growth was totally inhibited. The DOC released per cell (DOC/Cell) was different depending on the exposure time and the metal contamination, with higher DOC/Cell values in response to Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺, comparatively to the control. Samples were also analyzed by 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy, using the Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) algorithm to characterize the FDOM. The PARAFAC analytical treatment revealed four components (C1, C2, C3 and C4) that could be associated with two contributions: one, related to the biological activity; the other, linked to the decomposition of organic matter. The C1 component combined a tryptophan peak and a characteristic humic substances response, and the C2 component was considered as a tryptophan protein fluorophore. The C3 and C4 components were associated to marine organic matter production.     

千岛湖有色可溶性有机物光谱学特征及环境指示意义

有色可溶性有机物的光谱学特征能在一定程度上揭示湖泊溶解性有机物来源及其迁移转化规律,探究其光谱学特征对水质保护具有重要的现实意义.本文基于2018年10月在国家级水源供给水库千岛湖布设的60个采样点进行样品采集,运用光谱吸收及三维荧光,结合平行因子分析等方法揭示该湖有色可溶性有机物的光谱特征及其在空间上的变化,进而揭示有机物来源和迁移转化规律,探讨荧光光谱在水质监测应用等方面的指示意义.三维荧光矩阵经平行因子分析解析获得4种荧光组分包括陆源类腐殖酸C1、类酪氨酸C2、类色氨酸C3及微生物作用的类腐殖质C4.类腐殖质组分C1和C4与溶解性有机碳、有色可溶性有机物特征波长吸收系数a(350)均呈现出由西北入湖河口至其它湖区递减的分布趋势,并且C1和C4与溶解性有机碳、a(350)具有很好的相关性与之印证,说明上游新安江输入是千岛湖有机物的主要来源,类腐殖酸是主要的荧光组分.两种类蛋白组分包括类酪氨酸C2和类色氨酸C3分布均具有高度的空间异质性,高值均集中分布在靠近淳安县的湖心区及大坝附近的东南湖区,且该两个组分与叶绿素a浓度无显著相关性.从上游新安江河口至下游大坝出水口方向类腐殖酸组分所占比重逐步减小,而类蛋白组分所占比重增大.结合对该湖周边城镇居民用地分析表明湖心区及东南湖区类蛋白组分一定程度上可能来源于淳安县居民区生活污水的排放;同时,来自上游的类腐殖酸不断稀释及光降解转化为类蛋白组分可能是荧光光谱组成空间变化的又一个原因.C1为主要的荧光信号并与溶解性有机碳、a(350)及叶绿素a浓度具有更好的线性拟合优度,说明陆源类腐殖酸C1相比于其他荧光组分对有机物反演更为准确灵敏.由此表明,千岛湖有色可溶性有机物荧光光谱对有机物来源和迁移转化规律及水质监测等方面具有重要的环境指示意义.     

南水北调东线枢纽湖泊表层水体甲烷释放特征及潜在影响因素

湖泊是天然有机质生物地球化学循环和甲烷(CH4)排放的重要场所.观测南水北调东线枢纽湖泊骆马湖表层水体CH4溶存浓度和通量特征,并分析影响CH4释放的潜在因素.结果表明,骆马湖是CH4释放的热点区域,表层水CH4溶存浓度均值为(0.12±0.09)μmol·L-1,通量均值为(21.0±18.5)mmol·(m2·d)...