江苏省典型汽车涂装企业VOCs排放特征与污染控制技术

利用物料衡算和源排放测试对江苏省典型汽车涂装企业VOCs排放特征进行研究,并提出最佳治理技术。结果表明,大客车单位涂装面积VOCs排放量达到300 g/m2以上,小轿车为40~60 g/m2。苯系物是VOCs排放的重要组分,最高占比为33.2%~64.6%。乙酸丁酯、异丙醇、丁醇等醇酯类物质近年来广泛用于代替苯系物溶剂,其排放占比为29.6%~61.2%。汽车涂装行业最佳治理技术包括采用3C1B、水性免中涂等先进涂装工艺,用粉末涂料、水性涂料和高固体成分涂料等代替溶剂型涂料,从源头控制排放。采用干式漆雾分离技术、转轮浓缩吸附-蓄热式焚烧技术等先进尾气治理技术,VOCs去除率可达99%以上。     

常州地区植被排放VOC的估算研究

通过对2011年常州地区各类植物VOC排放因子,以及各类植被分布面积等数据统计分析,采用BEIS模型为参考的估算方法,建立起常州地区植被VOC的排放清单。结果表明,植被所排放VOC的变化规律既与植物本身有关又与气温和太阳辐射有关,区域内年植被VOC的总排放量为1．13×104 t。     

广州白云国际机场飞机大气污染物排放分析

根据收集到的2008-2012年广州白云国际机场航班起降次数,参考《珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发》飞机污染物估算方法及排放因子,计算出此期间机场飞机大气污染物排放量,并与2010-2012年广州市机动车污染物排放情况对比。结果表明：飞机大气污染物排放量随客运量的增长呈逐年上升趋势,而与机动车排放相比,飞机大气污染物排放量较小,故现阶段仍应以机动车作为移动源污染控制的重点。     

化工装置停工放空过程中VOCs排放及估算方法

通过分析化工企业典型开、停车过程的排污节点,表明停车过程中大气挥发性有机污染物主要来自装置退料结束后挂壁、底部滞留和内部空间蒸气等滞留在设备内部的残余物料。在总结化工装置停工放空过程中大气挥发性有机物来源的基础上,讨论并提出大气污染排放量估算方法。     

Carbon trading thickness and market efficiency in a socialist market economy

Unlike the European Union emission trade system (EU ETS), China’s pilot ETSs implemented diversified policy designs instead of using a uniform framework. Variance ratio test is used to evaluate the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in China’s carbon trading markets. The results of two versions of variance ratio tests indicate that the carbon trading market in Hubei is considered weak form efficient, and the socialist market economy does not necessarily lead to market inefficiency in carbon trading markets. Thin trading activities generate market frictions and bias the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) tests.     

中国人类活动源非甲烷挥发性有机物（NMVOC）排放总量及分布

研究了各污染源的NMVOC排放因子,重点分析化工产储源的NMVOC排放因子,估计了1998～2007年中国各地区、各污染源挥发性有机物（NMVOC）排放总量,并研究了各污染源NMVOC各成分的分布特征。研究表明,近年来NMVOC排放总量呈上升趋势,2007年中国人类活动排放NMVOC总量达到2380.24万吨,是1998年的1.8倍。其中固定源燃烧排放958.95万吨（生物质燃料842.27万吨）,交通源478.62万吨,溶剂应用408.23万吨,化工产储源301.11万吨,石油储运和精炼131.84万吨,混杂源101.49万吨。本研究为挥发性有机物（VOC）总量控制提供参考。     

Identification of relevant micropollutants in Austrian municipal wastewater and their behaviour during wastewater treatment

The European Union has defined environmental quality standards (EQSs) for surface waters for priority substances and several other pollutants. Furthermore national EQSs for several chemicals are valid in Austria. The study investigated the occurrence of these compounds in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. In a first screening of 15 WWTPs relevant substances were identified, which subsequently were monitored in 9 WWTPs over 1 year (every 2 months). Out of 77 substances or groups of substances (including more than 90 substances) 13 were identified as potentially relevant in respect to water pollution and subjected to the monitoring, whereas most other compounds were detected in concentrations far below the respective EQS for surface waters and therefore not further considered. The preselected 13 compounds for monitoring were cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), diuron, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), di(ethyl-hydroxyl)phthalate (DEHP), tributyltin compounds (TBT), nonylphenoles (NP), adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) and the complexing agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as well as nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). In the effluents of WWTPs the concentrations of the priority substances Cd, NP, TBT and diuron frequently exceeded the respective EQS, whereas the concentrations for DEHP and Ni were below the respective EQS. The effluent concentrations for AOX, EDTA, NTA, Cu, Se and Zn frequently are in the range or above the Austrian EQS for surface waters. Besides diuron and EDTA all compounds are removed at least partially during wastewater treatment and for most substances the removal via the excess sludge is the major removal pathway. For the 13 compounds which were monitored in WWTP effluents population equivalent specific discharges were calculated. Since for many compounds no or only few information is available, these population equivalent specific discharges can be used to assess emissions from municipal WWTPs to surface waters as well as to make a first assessment of the impact of a discharge on surface waters chemical status. Comparing discharges and river pollution on a load basis, the influence of diffuse sources becomes obvious and therefore should also be taken into consideration in river management.     

Emissions of biogenic VOC from forest ecosystems in central Europe: Estimation and comparison with anthropogenic emission inventory

This paper describes a method of estimating emission fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) based on the approach proposed by Guenther et al. (1995) and the high-resolution Corine land-cover 2000 database (1 × 1 km resolution). The computed emission fluxes for the Czech Republic (selected for analysis as being representative of a heavily cultivated, central European country) are compared with anthropogenic emissions, both for the entire country and for individual administrative regions. In some regions, BVOC emissions are as high as anthropogenic emissions; however, in most regions the BVOC emissions are approximately 50% of the anthropogenic emissions. The yearly course of BVOC emissions (represented by monoterpenes and isoprene) is presented, along with the spatial distribution of annual mean values. Differences in emission distributions during winter (January) and summer (June) are also considered.     

Estimates of synthetic fertilizer N-induced direct nitrous oxide emission from Chinese croplands during 1980-2000

There is increasing concern that agricultural intensification in China has greatly increased N₂O emissions due to rapidly increased fertilizer use. By linking a spatial database of precipitation, synthetic fertilizer N input, cropping rotation and area via GIS, a precipitation-rectified emission factor of N₂O for upland croplands and water regime-specific emission factors for irrigated rice paddies were adopted to estimate annual synthetic fertilizer N-induced direct N₂O emissions (FIE-N₂O) from Chinese croplands during 1980-2000. Annual FIE-N₂O was estimated to be 115.7 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ in the 1980s and 210.5 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ in the 1990s, with an annual increasing rate of 9.14 Gg N₂O-N year⁻¹ over the period 1980-2000. Upland croplands contributed most to the national total of FIE-N₂O, accounting for 79% in 1980 and 92% in 2000. Approximately 65% of the FIE-N₂O emitted in eastern and southern central China.     

PCDD/F enviromental impact from municipal solid waste bio-drying plant

The present work indentifies some environmental and health impacts of a municipal solid waste bio-drying plant taking into account the PCDD/F release into the atmosphere, its concentration at ground level and its deposition. Four scenarios are presented for the process air treatment and management: biofilter or regenerative thermal oxidation treatment, at two different heights. A Gaussian dispersion model, AERMOD, was used in order to model the dispersion and deposition of the PCDD/F emissions into the atmosphere. Considerations on health risk, from different exposure pathways are presented using an original approach. The case of biofilter at ground level resulted the most critical, depending on the low dispersion of the pollutants. Suggestions on technical solutions for the optimization of the impact are presented.