Exploring the need for more radical sustainable innovation: what does it look like and why?

It has been argued in recent years that Western economies need to increase their resource productivity by 90% over the next 50 years. This is a radical aim. This paper draws on design for sustainability (DfS) thinking to scope interventions that encourage greater levels of resource productivity through reconfiguring concepts of growth and well‐being within organisational strategies, structures, systems, processes and outputs. Based on research from a UK EPSRC funded project Design Dialogues (2005–2008), this paper links together sustainable design and innovation literatures and dialogue‐based primary research that together inform the development of an approach to innovation for sustainability. The emphasis on sustainable innovation is to understand what is designed (the outputs of business) and why (the inputs: the values, beliefs, visions and objectives) within a context of ecological limits. The foundations of this approach are introduced here in order to demonstrate the potential to provoke a new way of thinking about longer‐term organisational innovation through making explicit the intrinsic connections between natural and human capitals. This paper explores the need to think differently in order to create sustainability and presents the outcome of this research: a methodology for innovation for sustainability.     

A composite receptor and dispersion model approach for estimation of effective emission factors for vehicles

It is difficult to estimate vehicular emission factors at traffic junctions for use in dispersion modelling studies. Firstly, because the vehicles are in various modes of operation and secondly, it is difficult to delineate the effects of other contributing sources, mainly the effects of road dust and deposited constituents, which are very prominent at traffic junctions in India. Factor analysis-multiple regression (FA-MR), a receptor modelling technique has been used in this study for apportioning the contributing sources. The measurement data consist of one year's temporal variation of suspended particulate matter (SPM), analysed for its trace metal constituents, and two gaseous components NO₂ and SO₂ at two traffic junctions in Mumbai (India). FA-MR apportioned 40% of the observed SPM to road dust and 15% to vehicular sources. Of the total Pb observed in the SPM, FA-MR apportioned 60% to vehicular sources and 20% to road dust. The field-observed vehicular counts, meteorological parameters and road geometry were used in California line source dispersion model to estimate the effective vehicular emission factor for Pb at one traffic junction. This derived emission factor was used to predict the Pb concentration at second (independent observation) traffic junction. The result was found to be more satisfactory than using default emission factors obtained from literature. Similarly, effective vehicular emission factor for NO₂ was also evaluated for one site and tested for predicting concentrations at the other site.     

矿区周边土壤重金属污染治理的优势植物筛选——以关中西部某铅锌冶炼区为例

通过对关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边实地调查、采样和室内样品分析,采用原子吸收分光光度计测定铅锌冶炼区周边地区长势良好的13种优势植物对Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni的吸收与富集能力及其富集特征。结果表明,矿区土壤均受到Pb、Zn、Cd 3种重金属的污染,13种植物体内的Pb、Zn、Cd的含量比正常植物的含量高出数倍,白蒿、蒲公英、播娘蒿、牛舌草和秃疮花这5种植物对于Pb、Zn、Cd这3种重金属的转移系数均大于1,从植物体内重金属含量、转运系数和富集系数3个指标来看,白蒿和蒲公英可作为首选的2种先锋植物。此结果为利用本土植物治理铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染提供一定的参考依据。     

“九五”期间大石桥市大气环境质量变化趋势分析

通过对大石桥市“九五”期间大气监测资料的分析研究,从中找出该期间大石桥市大气环境质量的变化规律与发展趋势,分析出大气污染的原因与特征,进一步提出综合防治建议。     

我国环境污染的因子分析

改革开放以来，我国经济发展迅速，取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。但在经济快速发展的同时，也带来了一些负面效应，如环境污染。本文采用因子分析法对全国31个省、自治区、直辖市的环境污染进行了分析、评价，并运用SPSSl0．0统计软件对数据进行了计算、处理。通过分析表明我国目前环境污染较为严重，本文通过分析、评价可以为我国的环境污染防治提供一定的理论基础。     

废水污染物总量控制探讨——沈阳高压开关厂技术改造项目实例

以沈阳高压开关厂技术改造项目为例，根据国家和地方对水污染物总量控制的要求，对企业的总量控制环境管理进行了探讨，并提出具体措施．给出了相应的削减量，实现总量控制目标．     

Bayesian Ecological Regression with Latent Factors: Atmospheric Pollutants Emissions and Mortality for Lung Cancer

In this work we propose a Bayesian ecological analysis in which a latent variable summarizes data on emissions of atmospheric pollutants. We specified a hierarchical Bayesian model with spatially structured and unstructured random terms with a nested latent factor model. This can be considered a combination of the convolution spatial model of Besag et al. (1991) and an ecological regression analysis in which a latent variable plays the role of the covariate. The unified approach allows to proper account for the uncertainty in the latent score estimation in the regression analysis. The Bayesian Latent Factor model is used to summarize the information on environmental pressure derived from three stressors: Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides and Inhalable Particles. We found evidence of positive correlation between Lung cancer mortality and environmental pressure indicators, in males, Tuscany (Italy), 1995–1999. Environmental pressure seems to be restricted to fourteen municipalities (top 5% of the Latent Factor distribution). The model identified two areas with high point source emissions.     

邛海流域不同环境因素与土壤侵蚀相互关系研究

"基于USLE模型和多因素方差分析方法,以邛海流域为研究对象,研究不同海拔、坡度和土地利用类型下,土壤侵蚀强度的特征和规律。结果表明:不同海拔梯度下,随着海拔的升高,土壤侵蚀量呈先增后减再增的趋势。1 500~17 00 m海拔段是土壤侵蚀防治的重点区域。坡度对土壤侵蚀量的影响无明显的规律,但对土壤侵蚀量的产生有显著影响。15~25°坡度带是土壤侵蚀的重点预防和治理区域。不同的土地利用类型下,土壤侵蚀存在明显的差异。流域需加强旱地、园地和林地的治理。     

关于日本风险管理体系工业标准的制定

简述了日本风险管理体系工业标准的出台背景、主要特点及意义 ,笔者通过对该标准出台的分析、研讨和深思 ,提出了探索具有中国特色且符合国际标准化潮流的企业风险管理机制和建立企业全面风险管理体系的建议     

Size distribution and anthropogenic sources apportionment of airborne trace metals in Kanazawa, Japan

Aerosol samples were collected from Kanazawa, Japan to examine the size distribution of 12 elements and to identify the major sources of anthropogenic elements. Key emission sources were identified and, concentrations contributed from individual sources were estimated as well. Concentrations of elements V, Ca, Cd, Fe, Ba, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Zn, Co and Cu in aerosols were determined with ICP-MS. The results showed that Ca, Mg, Sr, Mn, Co and Fe were mainly associated with coarse particles (>2.1 μm), primarily from natural sources. In contrast, the elements Zn, Ba, Cd, V, Pb and Cu dominated in fine aerosol particles (<2.1 μm), implying that the anthropogenic origin is the dominant source. Results of the factor analysis on elements with high EF_Crust values (>10) showed that emissions from waste combustion in incinerators, oil combustion (involving waste oil burning and oil combustion in both incinerators and electricity generation plants), as well as coal combustion in electricity generation plants were major contributors of anthropogenic metals in the ambient atmosphere in Kanazawa. Quantitatively estimated sum of mean concentrations of anthropogenic elements from the key sources were in good agreement with the observed values. Results of this study elucidate the need for making pollution control strategy in this area.