Levels of selected heavy metals in commercial fish from five freshwater lakes,Pakistan

The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg are estimated by atomic absorption in the muscle of six commercial species of fish belonging to five freshwater lakes of Pakistan. The species included Mastacembelus armatus, Tor putitura, Mystus seenghala, Wallago attu, Catla catla and Labeo rohita. The fish were procured in comparable weight ranges so that a viable comparison of trace metal content could be effected. As, Fe, Pb, Zn and Hg showed elevated levels of 0.006–6.967, 0.933–6.133, 0.060–4.108, 0.978–5.363 and 0.030–3.211 μg/g, wet weight. The relevant statistical parameters, such as standard deviation, standard error, skewness and its t‐value are also reported for establishing the randomness of the distribution in relation to the corresponding data of freshwater lakes of the world and examined in view of species‐specificity and origin.     

辽宁省淡水鱼类体内多溴联苯醚和六溴环十二烷的富集特征及健康风险评估

分析了辽宁省4个典型城市淡水鱼类中多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）和六溴环十二烷（HBCDs）的富集特征,并进行了健康风险评估。结果表明：淡水鱼类体内PBDEs和HBCDs检出率均为100%,PBDEs和HBCDs的平均质量分数分别为9.73 和21.81 ng/g（脂重）。PBDEs中的单体BDE 183、BDE 209和BDE 153在辽河流域不同鱼类的同源种中占优势,分别占PBDEs的26.8%～40%,17%～44%和14%～22%。在HBCDs的3种同系物中,α-HBCD是主要的单体,其相对贡献率为45.15%~84.71%。辽河流域的工厂企业生产活动对淡水鱼类产生了影响,居民通过消费水产品摄入PBDEs和HBCDs。健康风险评估结果显示：PBDEs和HBCDs的健康风险指数均＜1,说明当地水产品中PBDEs和HBCDs的非致癌风险处于可接受水平。     

Modelling semi-aquatic vertebrates’ distribution at the drainage basin scale: The case of the otter Lutra lutra in Italy

Modelling habitat suitability of semi-aquatic vertebrates for large scale conservation purposes is a particularly challenging task, due to the fine-scale linearity of riverine habitats, and to the ecological continuum represented by the riparian and the aquatic ecosystems, on one side, and by a river and its tributaries, on the other.     

Linking species- and ecosystem-level impacts of climate change in lakes with a complex and a minimal model

To study the interaction between species- and ecosystem-level impacts of climate change, we focus on the question of how climate-induced shifts in key species affect the positive feedback loops that lock shallow lakes either in a transparent, macrophyte-dominated state or, alternatively, in a turbid, phytoplankton-dominated state. We hypothesize that climate warming will weaken the resilience of the macrophyte-dominated clear state. For the turbid state, we hypothesize that climate warming and climate-induced eutrophication will increase the dominance of cyanobacteria. Climate change will also affect shallow lakes through a changing hydrology and through climate change-induced eutrophication. We study these phenomena using two models, the full ecosystem model PCLake and a minimal dynamic model of lake phosphorus dynamics. Quantitative predictions with the complex model show that changes in nutrient loading, hydraulic loading and climate warming can all lead to shifts in ecosystem state. The minimal model helped in interpreting the non-linear behaviour of the complex model. The main output parameters of interest for water quality managers are the critical nutrient loading at which the system will switch from clear to turbid and the much lower critical nutrient loading – due to hysteresis – at which the system switches back. Another important output parameter is the chlorophyll-a level in the turbid state. For each of these three output parameters we performed a sensitivity analysis to further understand the dynamics of the complex model PCLake. This analysis showed that our model results are most sensitive to changes in temperature-dependence of cyanobacteria, planktivorous fish and zooplankton. We argue that by combining models at various levels of complexity and looking at multiple aspects of climate changes simultaneously we can develop an integrated view of the potential impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems.     

Impacts of freshwater wetlands on water quality: A landscape perspective

In this article, we suggest that a landscape approach might be useful in evaluating the effects of cumulative impacts on freshwater wetlands. The reason for using this approach is that most watersheds contain more than one wetland, and effects on water quality depend on the types of wetlands and their position in the landscape. Riparian areas that border uplands appear to be important sites for nitrogen processing and retention of large sediment particles. Fine particles associated with high concentrations of phosphorus are retained in downstream wetlands, where flow rates are slowed and where the surface water passes through plant litter. Riverine systems also may play an important role in processing nutrients, primarily during flooding events. Lacustrine wetlands appear to have the least impact on water quality, due to the small ratio of vegetated surface to open water. Examples are given of changes that occurred when the hydrology of a Maryland floodplain was altered.     

应用流式细胞仪监测太湖藻类初探

流式细胞仪在海水微型浮游生物监测领域应用较为广泛,但在淡水藻类定量研究以及生物监测中应用仍较少。探讨了应用便携式浮游植物流式细胞仪CytoSense监测太湖藻类的可行性和时效性。结果表明,为了提高检测结果的准确性,流式细胞仪的应用过程中最好是现场采样、现场分析。流式细胞仪对藻细胞密度的检测下限为100万个/L,大于100万个/L时检测结果与人工镜检结果相吻合;在悬浮物含量小于108 mg/L的水体中,流式细胞仪检测结果具备较高的准确性。另外,流式细胞仪操作简单、分析速度快、便携性好、无污染,在太湖藻类监测中具有一定应用前景。     

Induced alkoxyresorufin-O-dealkylases in tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) from Guandu river, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The activity of fish monooxygenases has been extensively used as a monitoring tool to detect contamination of water bodies by cytochrome P450-inducing agents. In this study we evaluated the activities of ethoxy- (EROD), methoxy- (MROD) and pentoxy- (PROD) resorufin-O-dealkylases in the liver of Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) collected at the Guandu river, at a reference clean site (Lake 1) and at two other sampling sites (Lakes 2 and 3) in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Alkoxyresorufin-O-dealkylases were measured fluorimetrically in the hepatic S9 fraction. EROD (17.7-fold), MROD (14.2-fold) as well as PROD activities were considerably higher in tilapias from Guandu river. A moderate increase of EROD (5.0-fold) and MROD (5.4-fold) was also found in tilapias from Lake 3. These findings suggest that Guandu river watershed, the main source of urban drinking water supply in Rio de Janeiro, is polluted with CYP1A-inducing xenobiotics. Furthermore, we also found a good linear relationship between EROD and MROD, a finding that agrees with the hypothesis that the two reactions are catalysed by the same CYP1A isoform in O. niloticus.     

应用淡水发光菌研究二元重金属混合物的联合毒性

应用新型淡水发光菌一青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.nov-Q67)发光值的测定。对铜锌、铜汞、铜镉、铜镍等4种重金属混合物的联合毒性进行了评价。结果表明。铜锌混合物对Q67的联合毒性等于两者的毒性之和。作用方式表现为加和作用：铜汞、铜镉、铜镍3种混合物对Q67的联合毒性则表现为拮抗作用。     

Modeling freshwater fish distributions using multiscale landscape data: A case study of six narrow range endemics

Species distribution models (SDMs) have become integral tools in scientific research and conservation planning. Despite progress in the assessment of various statistical models for use in SDMs, little has been done in way of evaluating appropriate ecological models. In this paper, we evaluate the multiscale filter framework as a suitable theoretical model for predicting freshwater fish distributions in the upper Green River system (Ohio River drainage), USA. The spatial distributions of six fishes with contrasting biogeographies were modeled using boosted regression trees and multiscale landscape data. Species biogeography did not appear to affect predictive performance and all models performed well statistically with receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.87 to 0.98. Predictive maps show accurate estimations of ranges for five of six species based on historical collections. The relative influence of each type of environmental feature and spatial scale varied markedly with between species. A hierarchical effect was detected for narrowly distributed species. These species were highly influenced by soil composition at larger spatial scales and land use/land cover (LULC) patterns at more proximal scales. Conversely, LULC pattern was the most influential feature for widely distributed at all spatial scales. Using multiscale data capable of capturing hierarchical landscape influences allowed production of accurate predictive models and provided further insight into factors controlling freshwater fish distributions.     

THE EFFECTS OF SELECTED HERBICIDES ON BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN AN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Heterotrophic, mesophilic bacteria derived from, and maintained in, a freshwater environment were subjected to three classes of herbicides. Diuron, 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and paraquat, used as water soluble solutions, were added (0.7 and 1.4 mgA) to a laboratory culture of bacteria. Total numbers of the bacteria, representing several genera, were monitored for alteration of numbers and types. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were monitored and the culture medium was tested for residual herbicide. Alterations observed in populations were considered to result from herbicide additions. Each herbicide tested was found to affect bacterial populations differently. Reasons for observed differences are discussed. In this aquatic environment the herbicides remained qualitatively measurable for periods up to three weeks.