城市化背景下中国水电移民安置的政策选择——以龙滩水库为例

中国水电发展深受城市化的影响,因此水电移民问题应该放在城市化的大背景下来审视和解决,将沿海发达地区和主要大城市作为水电移民永久安置的主体之一。无论从水电移民产生地的生态条件和经济社会发展水平（即“推”的方面）,还是沿海城市对劳动力的需要（即“拉”的方面）,都存在着将水电移民彻底城市化安置的必要条件。通过龙滩水库的实例,给出一个政策组合和一个极端状态下的财务估算,说明移民问题彻底城市化解决的充分条件也是成立的,并在此基础上进一步讨论了非农安置的方式、户口准入、移民就业培训和多次安置选择等问题。     

三峡水库对区域气候影响的数值模拟分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5V3模拟了三峡水库建成后,由于下垫面变化对区域气候的影响,并探讨了三峡水库的建成是否为引发社会广泛关注的高温干旱和低温雨雪冰冻灾害等极端天气的主要因素。研究表明:三峡水库的建成对当地气温具有海洋性效应,库区附近春季温度变低,夏季在水库下游气温升高、上游则气温降低,而冬季则以升温为主;春季降水变化主要位于库区沿线的南部山区,增雨带和减雨带相间分布,夏季降水量在三峡库区中上游地区和附近的山区呈增加趋势,在库区下游及附近地区降水呈减少趋势,冬季降水量减少,主要集中在大坝附近地区到三峡(巫山)段;春季库区的相对湿度增加,幅度多在0.5%～1.0%,夏季相对湿度的影响也存在正负两种效应,大坝上游库区附近相对湿度增加,大坝下游地区相对湿度降低,冬季变幅不大;三峡水利工程不是干旱、低温雨雪冰冻等极端天气出现的主因,它对极端天气事件的影响并不明显。     

黄河小浪底水库南山水质自动监测站站址方案探讨

在小浪底水库中新建黄河南山水质自动监测站,是为了实现黄河小浪底水库水质实时监测,及时掌握国家考核断面水质状况;同时,为了完成生态环境部加快推进国家地表水环境质量监测网水质自动监测站(以下简称水站)建设,建立健全以自动监测为主、手工监测为辅的地表水环境质量监测体系。本文主要研究南山水站站址的选择方案,得出恰当合理的方案,既满足水站安全运行的要求和水库调水调沙期间,确保采集到具备代表性。     

溪洛渡水电工程拦沙对三峡水库富营养化潜在影响的初步研究

从泥沙吸附的角度,探讨金沙江溪洛渡水电站拦沙对三峡水库溶解性磷负荷的影响。2006年11月在金沙江、长江干流和支流岷江、沱江采集了淤积泥沙和水样,测定了泥沙的全磷、有效磷和磷固定量及水的溶解性磷等指标。岷江和沱江泥沙的有效磷含量远高于金沙江和长江干流,反映了四川盆地支流的磷污染较干流严重;干流泥沙的有效磷含量向下游呈增加和磷固定量向下游呈减少的趋势,反映了干流泥沙沿途不断吸附四川盆地支流汇入干流中的溶解性磷,磷固定能力有所降低。根据金沙江宜宾与长江朱沱泥沙的有效磷含量和磷固定量,金沙江来沙年吸附溶解性磷分别为382和6 885 t,分别相当于朱沱站的26%和468％。溪洛渡水库拦蓄泥沙,金沙江来沙吸附长江干流溶解性磷的量将有所减少。水库投入运行后的前50年,以有效磷含量计,金沙江来沙的磷吸附量占朱沱年溶解性磷总量的比例从26%降至10%;以磷固定量计,从468％降至174%。长江干流进入三峡水库的年溶解性磷总量有可能增加16%～294%。金沙江来沙降低三峡入库磷负荷的实际功能,可能介于有效磷含量和磷固定量的计算值之间,具体值还需开展进一步的试验研究。     

丹江口水库对汉江中下游影响的生态学分析

基于黄家港水文站1954～2000年的日径流量资料,以1967年为节点,将47年水文序列划分为节点前的“近自然状态河流”和节点后的“人工干扰状态河流”两种水文情势。采用Richter提出的变动范围法,基于包含32个水文参数的水文改变指标体系,定量评估了黄家港水文站1967年前后水文情势的变化。根据分析,把1967年之前的各个水文参数的第1至第3四分位数间的数值范围设为管理目标。进一步分析了丹江口水库的修建对汉江中下游生态水文的影响。结果表明,1967年以后,丹江口水库的修建对汉江中下游水文情势的影响较为显著：极大地改变了径流的年内分配,使流量过程均化,使极值流量出现日期提前、历时缩短等等。在此基础上,结合汉江中下游河道生态系统的特点,以鱼类为指示生物,初步探讨了上述水文情势的变化对汉江中下游鱼类的生长、繁殖和越冬等带来的影响,并对如何降低不利影响提出了相应的改进措施.     

Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiyang river, Northwest China

Based on surveys and chemical analyses, we performed a case study of the surface water and groundwater quality in the Wuwei basin, in order to understand the sources of water pollution and the evolution of water quality in Shiyang river. Concentrations of major chemical elements in the surface water were related to the distance downstream from the source of the river, with surface water in the upstream reaches of good quality, but the river from Wuwei city to the Hongya reservoir was seriously polluted, with a synthetic pollution index of 25. Groundwater quality was generally good in the piedmont with dominant bicarbonate and calcium ions, but salinity was high and nitrate pollution occurs in the northern part of the basin. Mineralization of the groundwater has changed rapidly during the past 20 years. There are 23 wastewater outlets that discharge a total of 22.4 x 10(6)m(3)y(-1) into the river from Wuwei city, which, combined with a reduction of inflow water, were found to be the major causes of water pollution. Development of fisheries in the Hongya reservoir since 2000 has also contributed to the pollution. The consumption of water must be decreased until it reaches the sustainable level permitted by the available resources in the whole basin, and discharge of wastes must also be drastically reduced.     

Effects of Forest Composition and Spatial Patterns on Storm Flows of a Small Watershed1

Abstract: The PRMS_Storm model was built as a storm event, distributed hydrological model for studying the hydrological effects of forest composition and spatial distribution on storm‐flow volume and peakflow rates in the Xiangshuixi Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, in the Yangtze River Basin in southwestern China. We developed three simulation scenarios based on forest composition and their spatial arrangements across the watershed, including all mixed conifer‐evergreen broadleaf forests (Scenario 1), all mixed evergreen broadleaf forests (Scenario 2), and mixed conifer + evergreen broadleaf + shrub forests (Scenario 3). We examined 11 storm events observed during 2002‐2005. Compared with the existing forest covers, modeling results suggested that the amount of overland flow was reduced by 21, 23, and 22%, and the interflow increased by 16, 88, and 30%, for Scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively. During the same time, peakflow rates were reduced by 20.8, 9.6, and 18.9%, respectively. The reduction of peakflow rates was most significant when rainfall intensity exceeded 0.8 mm/min and events with a short duration and effect was minor when rainfall intensity was below 0.5 mm/min. In general, we found that Scenarios 1 and 3 were preferred for reducing storm‐flow volume and peakflow rates due to their higher interception rates, large soil water holding capacity, and higher soil infiltration capacity. The modeled results suggested soil properties are important in affecting the flow processes and thus forest composition and forest spatial distributions will affect storm‐flow volume and peakflow rates at the watershed scale. To maximize flood reduction functions of a watershed, high priority should be given to those forest types (Scenarios 1 and 3) in reforestation practices in the study region. This study suggests both forest composition and spatial pattern are important reforestation designs for flood reduction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.     

三峡水库运行后洞庭湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

三峡水库蓄水运行改变了洞庭湖湿地水沙过程,进而影响其生态服务功能价值.通过相关数据,采用资源经济学和生态学的相关模型,分析蓄水前后洞庭湖湿地价值量变化,结果表明:①对比蓄水前、蓄水后洞庭湖湿地主要服务功能价值量明显降低,总价值由130.04亿元减少到47.7亿元,减少了63.3％.②调蓄洪水价值蓄水前为85.66亿元,占总价值的65.9％,而在蓄水后调蓄洪水价值减少,功能未能充分发挥.③蓄水后,湿地调蓄洪水、供水价值量减少,而在调节气候、供应产品和净化水质方面的价值量有所增加.     

三峡小江回水区氮素赋存形态与季节变化特点

氮素是浮游植物生长的关键生源要素之一,本研究对2007年3月～2008年3月三峡小江回水区水中氮素的跟踪观测结果进行总结,分析不同形态氮素季节变化过程与相对组成特点.研究期间,回水区TN的平均浓度为(1?553±43) μg·L^-1,季节差异显著但总体呈上升趋势.DIN平均浓度为(1?031±32) μg·L^-1,占TN平均浓度的66.38%,是该水域氮素的主要赋存形态,其中NO^-₃-N含量较高说明小江回水区总体上处于较强氧化环境且自净能力较强.DON、PON平均浓度分别为(273±23) μg·L^-1、(249±23) μg·L^-1,占TN的26.48%和24.15%;DON/PON比值为3.63±0.93,说明该水域氮素代谢强度与周转速率较高.小江回水区DIN在TN中所占比重从2007年3月约占TN的80%逐渐下降到2008年春季约占TN的60%,而TON在TN中的比重则相应上升,说明氮素赋存形态向有机态转变的趋势明显;而对DIN-TN和TON-TN的log-log线性模型斜率比较发现TON对TN的贡献将随TN浓度的升高而增大,表明该水域营养水平有升高的趋势.NH⁺₄-N/NO^-₃-N同TON/TN存在显著正相关关系,说明TON相对丰度的增加有可能使水体向还原性环境转变.同时NH⁺₄-N相对丰度的变化同水中DON含量及其在TN中所占比重关系密切,但该水域DON氨化降解成NH⁺₄-N并再次被利用的内循环过程是否存在或会否成为调控氮素循环的关键过程有待更深入的研究.     

三峡水库蓄水至175 m后干流沉积物磷蓄积特征及释放潜力

为揭示三峡水库首次蓄水至175 m后,干流柱状沉积物磷的蓄积特征及其影响因素,于2010年10月下旬采集了三峡水库干流云阳至秭归等5个断面柱状沉积物样品,分析了沉积物粒径、有机质、矿物成分、总磷等理化特征,采用分级提取法分析了柱状沉积物各形态磷分布特征,并对三峡水库柱状沉积物磷的释放贡献率进行估算.结果表明,三峡水库干流柱状沉积物p H在7. 3～7. 8间,总体呈中性.沉积物组成以粉砂为主,含量为49. 4%～78. 6%,黏土为20. 6%～50. 6%,含砂量低于4. 4%,各断面中值粒径沿深度呈现出阶段性地增加或降低趋势.沉积物有机质含量为12. 94～53. 43 g·kg~(-1),从云阳至秭归断面沉积物有机质含量略有增加,碳氮比在4. 00～11. 64之间.三峡水库沉积物总磷为861. 86～1 024. 54 mg·kg~(-1),同一断面沉积物总磷垂向变化较小,且没有随深度变化呈现规律性变化趋势.三峡沉积物磷形态以钙磷为主,约占总磷含量的47. 83%～73. 90%,其余各形态磷所占比例较小.不同断面间磷形态垂向变化趋势差异较大.可交换态磷、铝磷及铁磷在个别断面表层0～4 cm范围内含量相对较高,而在16～20 cm处大部分断面沉积物各形态磷均不随深度发生变化.在同一深度下,不同断面生物可利用磷(可交换态磷、铁磷、铝磷之和,Bio-P)的含量及相对含量沿程分布趋势较为明显,从云阳至秭归断面均表现为沿程增加趋势. Bio-P相对含量为2. 78%～7. 05%,整体而言,三峡水库干流沉积物内源释放风险较小.沉积物生物可利用磷与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P 0. 05,N=50),有机质的分布和转化将影响三峡水库沉积物中磷的迁移和转化.