Conflict,controversy, and compromise: The Concho water snake (Nerodia harteri paucimaculata) versus the Stacy Dam and Reservoir

The Colorado River Municipal Water District (CRMWD) of Big Spring, Texas, planned to construct the Stacy Reservoir and Dam on the Colorado River near Paint Rock, Texas, yet needed a Section 404 permit from the US Army Corps of Engineers pursuant to the Clean Water Act. In 1986 the Concho water snake (Nerodia harteri paucimaculata) was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Much of its remaining range included the stretch of the Colorado River that would be flooded by the proposed dam. After initially rejecting CRMWD proposals for mitigation, and informing the Corps of Engineers that it would issue a jeopardy opinion regarding the 404 permit pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA, the US Fish and Wildlife Service reversed its stand. The final biological opinion stated that reasonable and prudent alternatives previously rejected as unfeasible would remove the threat of jeopardy. This paper concludes that experimental management techniques proposed by FWS to allow dam construction do not adequately ensure survival of the Concho water snake and an alternative water source should have been found.     

三峡库区旅游资源评价及可持续发展研究

通过对三峡库区旅游资源的定性、定量评价，本文论述了把三峡库区建成全国最大旅游中心的可能性，提出了促进三峡库区旅游业可持续发展的对策和建议     

三峡水库入库污染负荷研究(Ⅰ)--蓄水前污染负荷现状

分析蓄水前三峡水库入库污染负荷,包括库区污染负荷,如城市生活污水、工业废水、农业面源、船舶流动污染源;主要干支流长江、嘉陵江、乌江的入库背景污染负荷,包括上游天然背景负荷和上游污染贡献负荷,为三峡水库水污染防治提供理论依据。研究表明：①进入三峡库区的污染源主要来自长江、嘉陵江、乌江上游输入的背景负荷,包括上游贡献负荷和天然背景负荷,其中：CODCr的天然背景负荷与上游污染贡献负荷较为接近,BOD5、NH3-N的上游贡献负荷略大于天然背景负荷;TP的上游贡献负荷远大于天然背景负荷。因此,“三江”上游区域的污染治理工作应为今后三峡水库水污染防治的重点;②库区内排放的主要污染物是TP、BOD5、TN、CODCr等有机污染物,其累计等标污染负荷比达到98%以上。库区内的主要污染源为农田径流,其等标污染负荷比为77.85%;其次为城市污水,其等标污染负荷比为19.45%,工业废水的等标污染负荷比只占1.62%。因此,农田面源将是今后库区污染防治的重点。     

二龙山水库水质富营养化趋势及削减规划研究

选用C_N,C_P(水库中氮、磷的平均质量浓度)2项指标作为契入点,以狄龙模型为基础,结合二龙山水库水质污染的具体特点,设计了一套适合于预测二龙山水库水质富养化的C_N,C_P模型,运用其预测了水库水质营养状态变化趋势并对水质富营养化进行了预评价.结果表明:2001-2050年二龙山水库水质总氮和总磷的质量浓度同步增长,但总磷的增长幅度远远大于总氮,水库水质富营养化逐渐加剧.最后,根据系统诊断模型计算了水库氮、磷营养盐的环境容量,并结合该地的实际情况提出了氮、磷污染物的削减规划方案.      

Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir

ABSTRACT

An ultrasonic extraction – gas chromatography – electron capture detector analytical method was used to measure the concentration and types of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in sediment to obtain a better understanding of the characteristics and hidden ecological risks associated with OC pesticide exposure in surface sediment of the Qingshitan Reservoir. Fifteen types of OC pesticides were detected in the sediment, and the sum concentration of these chemicals was in the 149.32–490.19 ng/g range (mean value: 319.39 ng/g). The concentrations of detected OC pesticides occurred in the following order: hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (mean value: 200.17 ng/g) > DDTs (mean value: 36.92 ng/g) > heptachlors (mean value: 32.74 ng/g) > methoxychlor (mean value: 24.13 ng/g). There was a 100% detection rate for HCH isomers, and their concentrations occurred in the following order: β-HCH > δ-HCH > γ-HCH > α-HCH. β-HCH was the main component of HCHs. Ratios between α-HCH/γ-HCH and β-/(α+γ)-HCH were used to investigate the sources of pollution. Most of the surveyed areas were polluted by lindane, which originated from past pesticide residue usage, and no new inputs of HCHs were found. DDT was the major component of the DDTs, and accounted for 52%–87% of the DDTs. The ratios of (DDE+DDD)/DDT at all sample collection points were less than 1, indicating that degradation rate of DDTs in sediment was low and there was a new input of DDTs in these surveyed areas. The ratio of DDD/DDE was less than 1 at most of the sample collection points, indicating that the degradation of DDT in the sediments primarily took place under aerobic conditions. Comparison of OC pesticide residual levels in the underwater sediment collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir to other states and countries showed the pollution level of these chemicals of the Qingshitan Reservoir was relatively high. The ecological risk was assessed based on guideline values of effects range-low (ERL) and effects range-medium (ERM). The results showed that DDD, DDE, DDTs and endrin residues in the sediment posed a moderate ecological risk, but DDT and γ-HCH showed high ecological risk. These OC pesticides might adversely affect biological systems, and need to be addressed.     

流溪河水库流域非点源溶解态氮磷污染负荷估算

流溪河水库作为广州市最重要的水源地之一,其水环境质量受到广泛关注. 利用基于SCS模型的污染负荷输出,对流溪河水库流域非点源溶解态氮磷污染负荷进行估算. 结果表明:流域非点源溶解态氮污染负荷为384.31 t/a,溶解态磷污染负荷为20.68 t/a.其中氮贡献最大的为林地,占50.93%;其次为园地,占18.10%.磷贡献最大的亦为林地,占49.22%;其次为旱地,占15.85%.溶解态氮单位面积污染负荷道路最高,为50.57 kg/(hm2·a);其次是水田,为33.60 kg/(hm2·a).而溶解态磷单位面积污染负荷最大是水田,为3.43 kg/(hm2·a);其次是道路,为3.19 kg/(hm2·a). 与水库流域颗粒态氮磷污染负荷比较表明,溶解态氮大于颗粒态氮,氮以溶解态迁移为主;溶解态磷则小于颗粒态磷,但由于颗粒态磷易随泥沙受阻或沉降,溶解态磷对水库水质的影响依然是总磷关注的重点.      

三峡库区消落带土壤重金属分布特征及潜在风险评价

探讨了三峡库区重庆段沿江左右两岸、不同淹水高程消落带土壤中重金属的分布特征,并对研究区域重金属潜在风险进行了评价.结果表明,土壤中As(>19.0mg/kg)、Cd(>0.38mg/kg)含量超标,其余重金属含量均达国家土壤环境质量2级标准.沿江两岸Cu、Zn、Cr和Hg含量存在显著差异(P<0.1),左岸土壤中各重金属平均含量均小于右岸,而右岸各重金属的变异系数较左岸大.不同淹水高程重金属含量差异明显(P<0.1).沿长江水流方向,库区土壤中Cd含量先减后增,其余重金属(Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg,As,Cr)含量逐渐降低.Pb和Cr、Cd和As含量与土壤pH值均具有显著相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01).土壤中Cu与Hg,Cu与Cr间具有显著正相关关系(P<0.05);Cu、Pb、Zn与多种重金属间具有极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).库区消落带土壤重金属潜在生态风险处于轻微状态,主要生态风险元素为Cd.     

Distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticides in tissue/organ of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from Guanting Reservoir, China

The concentration of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） in tissues and organs of silver carp（Hypophthalmichthys mofitrix） from Guanting Reservoir were investigated to evaluate the pollution potential and distribution of OCPs. A total of 16 OCPs were measured and the concentrations were in the range of 1.61-69.01 ng/g wet weight（ww） for total OCPs, 0.16- 0.75 ng/g ww for HCB. 0.75 -26.80 ng/g ww for SHCH（sum of α-,β-, γ- and δ-HCH） and 0.68-35.94 ng/g ww for SDDT（ sum of p, p＇-DDE, p, p＇-DDD, o, p＇-DDT and p, p＇- DDT）. The mean concentrations of total OCPs, HCB, ∑HCH, and ∑DDT were 18.04, 0.96, 7.14 and 9.28 ng/g ww, respectively. Among the organochlorine pesticides, β-HCH and p, p＇-DDE were the most dominant compounds in tissue and organ with the average concentrations of 4.42 and 8.14 ng/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study show that the levels of 16 OCP residues found in silver carps are low and pose no threat to human health and wildlife fed upon them on the basis of existing related quality guidelines. However, recent input of lindane and DDT might still exist in the area investigated and further investigation should be carried on.     

湖库富营养化敏感分级概念及指标体系研究

依据水体富营养化的危害程度与地理位置、流动条件等因素有关的概念,在一个较小的尺度上提出了水体富营养化敏感分级的概念,将富营养化的控制级别从河流-湖泊2级扩展到多级,并提出了分级采用的指标体系的一般概念.同时与美国环境保护局的大尺度分区(分级)方法进行了比较分析,发现美国14个生态分区河流与湖库的富营养化基准存在不协调之处,认为以该统计方法分别进行河流与湖库富营养化基准制定,可能产生河流基准的控制指标严于湖泊基准的不合理情况.      

GWLF模型的原理、结构及应用

GWLF(Generalized Watershed Loading Function)模型是一个半分布式、半经验式的流域负荷模型。它能够利用GIS及RS提供的空间数据,在中型尺度流域的范围内进行非点源污染负荷估算,模型比较适合于数据量少,参数相对缺乏的地区。重点介绍了GWLF模型的污染物负荷估算的原理,同时将GWLF模型应用于天津市于桥水库流域,利用沙河流域1999年水量、水质数据进行校准,初步估算出于桥水库上游流域的非点源负荷。