Relationship between near-surface morphological traits of familiar plants and their ability for sediment retention in a dry-hot valley北大核心CSCD

To explore the sediment interception capacity of plants and its relationship with the surface morphological traits of plants, we used laboratory simulations and off-site flume experiments to study the ability for sediment retention of six familiar species: Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Melia azedarach (MA), Dodonaea viscosa (DV), Coriaria sinica (CS), Heteropogon contortus (HC), and Eulaliopsis binata (EB) aver two growth periods in the dry-hot river valley of the Jinsha River. We analyzed the relationship between near-surface morphological traits of individuals of six species and their ability for sediment retention. Our study resulted in three main observations. (1) In the flume experiment, three-month seedlings and one-year old seedlings of the six species showed different abilities for sediment retention. In the three-month seedlings, the ability for sediment retention of CS was the highest, followed by MA and LL, whereas it was the lowest in HC and EB. However, in one-year old seedlings, the ability for sediment retention of CS was the highest, but the ability for sediment retention of HC and EB was better than those of MA and LL. Hence, the ability for sediment retention of the six species fluctuated between different growth periods. (2) The three-month old and one-year old seedlings of all six species showed different near-surface morphological traits. (3) The sediment mass was significantly and positively correlated with near-surface leaf areas, crown lengths, crown widths, stem dry matter densities at the intersection volume, and above-ground biomass, but significantly and negatively correlated with the angle between stem and ground, indicating that these latter are the main near-surface morphological traits able to affect sediment retention. In addition, the sediment mass was also correlated (positively and negatively) with the stem epidermal crack number, stem dry matter content, leaf dry matter content at the intersection volume, and dry mass per unit volume of the intersection volume, which could also reflect the ability of sediment retention. We conclude that in the areas where plant measures are used to control soil erosion and intercept sediment, the key, above-mentioned plant morphological factors should be taken into account in order to select the optimal plant species. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Landscape planning: A method applied to a growth management example

This article is the first in a series of three. These articles were prepared to document the growth management process undertaken in Teller County, Colorado, USA. In this article, an 11-step method for landscape planning is proposed. In step 1, an issue, or set of related issues, is identified as posing a problem and/or opportunity to people and/or the environment. In step 2, a goal, or several goals, is established to address the problem or opportunity. In steps 3 and 4, inventories and analyses of biophysical and sociocultural processes are conducted, first at the regional level and then at the local level. Step 5 involves detailed studies (such as suitability analyses) that link the inventory and analysis information to the problems or opportunities and goals. Detailed studies link regional and local information to specific sites. Thus, this method involves a regional-local-specific site hierarchy. In step 6, concepts are developed that lead to a landscape plan in step 7. During step 8, the plan is explained through a systematic educational and citizen involvement effort to the affected public. In step 9, detailed designs are developed that again are explained to the specific individuals who will be impacted by the designs. It is in step 10 when the plan and designs are implemented. Step 11 involves the administration of the plan. The method is illustrated through an example of growth management planning for Teller County and the city of Woodland Park, Colorado. Paper 1 in a series of 3.     

87年生杉木生长分析

本文分析了87年生杉木的生长状况。     

Conservative maternal care in an iteroparous mammal: a resource allocation experiment

When resources are limited, life history theory predicts a trade-off between growth, reproduction and survival. In summer, lactating females of temperate large herbivores such as the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) normally have access to abundant forage but also face the high energetic needs of lactation and recovery from winter mass loss. At high population density, however, females may face a trade-off between allocating resources for maintenance and for reproduction. To simulate the effects of increased intra-specific competition at high density, we measured for 2 years how an experimental food restriction of approximately 20% affected current reproduction and body mass changes of adult females and their fawns during the fawning and lactation periods. Fawn survival decreased 35%, and fawn growth decreased 26% in the food-restricted treatment. There was no effect of food restriction on female mass. Irrespective of treatment, however, lactating females gained 30 g/day less than non-lactating females, and females that had weaned a fawn the previous year gained 20 g/day less than females that had not. We conclude that when resources were scarce, females adopted a conservative strategy favouring their own survival, mass recovery and future reproductive potential over their current reproduction, probably to maximise their lifetime reproductive success.     

污泥堆肥对几种花卉的生长响应研究

施用污泥堆肥后，木槿、月季、美人蕉及旱荷花的开花量增加，花期延长，金枣、龟背竹与五叶地锦的各生长参数也明显增大；土壤理化性质有明显改善；当污泥堆肥施用量小于９ｋｇ／ｍ＾２时，无因盐分、ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ淋溶及地面径流而造成的环境问题。     

铁离子对滇池藻类生长的影响

有关氮、磷对滇池藻类生长的影响研究已有大量的报道.但关于铁离子对滇池藻类影响的研究还未见报道.以滇池藻样为对象,实验了不同铁离子浓度对滇池藻类生长的影响.结果表明,不同浓度范围铁离子对滇池藻类光合作用的促进或抑制是影响其生长的最主要因素.实验结果提示, 在控制湖泊藻类生长时,除了要注意控制氮、磷之外,还应考虑铁离子对藻类生长的影响.     

Modeling thermal effect on growth of chinese shrimp, Penaeus chinensis (Osbeck)

A couple of experiments were conducted to estimate the optimal temperature effect on growth of Chinese shrimp (Penaeus chinensis). The equation describing growth-temperature relationship derived from the first experiment with temperature ranging from 16° to 31°C was found linear as the following:

G = -0.005667 + 0.001103 T

,where G and T are daily growth rate and temperature, respectively.The second experiment indicated that the daily growth rate was a quadratic function of temperature at the limits of 27° and 35°C. The equation was

G = -0.339587 + 0.023476 T − 0.000375 T²

.The optimal temperature in terms of maximum growth was 31.26°C.     

农药在作物上的消解速度

介绍了10种农药在14种作物上的消解动态,结果表明,不同类型农药的消解速度是有差异的。其消解速度,有机磷>拟除虫菊酯>有机氯,百菌清与DDT相近。同一农药在不同作物上的消解速度也有明显差异,主要与作物比表面积、生长系数等因素有关。农药在设施作物上的消解速度较露地作物缓慢,且残留浓度呈先上升后下降的动态变化。农药在贮藏作物上的消解速度相当慢,这与其特殊的环境条件有关。     

硝化工艺中硝化菌体的微生物结构及其选择附着生长模式

硝化处理效率低是硝化处理工艺的主要问题。硝化过程主要由硝化细菌完成，因此硝化作用的效果基本取决于硝化菌体的生长状况。文章通过硝化细菌生长方式进行探讨，提出硝化菌体在载体表面选择附着生长模式，对于理解硝化作用与硝化菌体生长的关系，硝化菌全生物膜的生物特征，从而相应地改善载体的优化设计，取得较好的硝化处理效果。     

氮、磷、铁、锌对铜绿微囊藻生长及产毒的影响

为探讨氮、磷、铁、锌对铜绿微囊藻生长及产毒的影响，以HGZ为基础培养基，调整氮、磷、铁、锌的浓度，于无菌条件下对两种藻株进行培养，定期取培养液进行细胞计数及用ELISA方法测定微囊藻毒素的含量。结果表明，浓度的改变没有引起无毒株产生毒素，也没有改变产毒株的产毒特性。高浓度的氮(1.6～245.1mg/L)有利于两藻株的生长及产毒株的毒素合成，而对磷、铁、锌的需求量较低。当磷的浓度低于1.4mg/L时，无毒株随其浓度增加而生长加快，但浓度超过此范围，则变化不大。产毒株的生长和产毒对磷盐的浓度变化不敏感，过高浓度的磷(62.1mg/L)可抑制其生长。两藻株的生长对铁、锌浓度的变化也不敏感，但产毒株的毒素合成却随铁离子浓度升高而缓慢上升。在氮、磷、锌3个单因素研究中，培养液中藻细胞的数量与总毒素含量均呈正相关(P＜0.05)，而铁未呈相关关系。