合肥市场6种淡水鱼体内Cu、Pb和Cd的分布及食用风险

重金属沿食物链传递并最终在人体中富集的事实已经得到越来越多的重视和研究.从合肥市场采集鲢鱼、鲈鱼、鳜鱼、鳊鱼、鲫鱼和草鱼,研究Cu、Pb和Cd在这6种鱼体内的分布和食用风险.结果表明:鲢鱼、鲈鱼、鳜鱼、鳊鱼、鲫鱼和草鱼的肌肉中w(Cu)、w(Pb)和w(Cd)均低于我国NY 5073—2006《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》、GB 2762—2005《食品中污染物限量》及澳大利亚国家卫生和医学研究理事会制定的人体消费卫生标准,其总重金属食入健康风险数值也小于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受水平5.0×10-5 a-1,说明合肥市场上这6种淡水鱼的肌肉通过食入途径所产生的Cu、Pb和Cd健康风险均在可接受水平.      

Assessment of heavy metal pollution and health risks in a main river in Huayuan County,Xiangxi, Hunan Province北大核心CSCD

To study heavy metal pollution and assess the health risk of river water in Huayuan County, Xiangxi, Hunan Province, 11 water samples were collected from the Huayuan River and Brother Rivers in August and December 2016. Heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni) concentrations were determined from the samples. The health risk assessment model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was applied to assess the health risk of heavy metals in the main surface waters of Huayuan County. The results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni) of surface water in the research area were 2.57 × 10-3, 4.66 × 10-4, 1.65 × 10-3, 6.27 × 10-4, 0.19, and 8.50 × 10-4 mg/L, respectively. The health risk of surface waters with heavy metals was high. Therefore, the chemical carcinogenic substance (Cr) health risk index was five or six times higher than that of chemical non-carcinogens (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni). The average health risk indices of non-carcinogenic substances were in the order Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni. The correlation and principal component analysis of surface water showed that the six heavy metal elements were composed of three main components in the main surface waters of the county. The first principal component was comprised of Fe and Ni (33.28%), which was mainly from internal pollution. The second component was comprised of Cu and Cr (26.98%), which was primarily due to industrial waste water, rainwater leaching mineral waste produced by heavy metal mining, and smelting enterprises. The third component, resulting from geochemical pollution, was Zn (17.10%). The health risk indices triggered by heavy metal in surface waters was high. Heavy metal pollutants in the research area need to be controlled in the order Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

稻米来源镉对生长期猪的生长特性及不同脏器组织镉蓄积的影响

环境中的镉污染对动植物及人类都带来了极大的危害。目前,多数镉毒理研究关注其无机状态,而来源于稻米的有机态镉的毒害作用报道较少。为评估稻米来源镉对生长期猪的毒性作用,选用初始体重为30 kg左右的健康生长猪28头,随机分为体重无明显差异的2组,即对照组与稻米来源镉组(试验组),研究稻米来源镉对生长期猪(生长及育肥全阶段)的生长特性及不同脏器组织镉蓄积的影响。结果表明,在生长及育肥阶段,试验组与对照组相比:1)生长特性无显著差异(P0.05);2)育肥期组织游离氨基酸含量,除肌肉中的赖氨酸显著降低外(P0.05),血浆、肝脏、肾脏及肌肉中其他游离氨基酸水平均无显著差异(P0.05);3)心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肺脏、胃、小肠、大肠、骨骼中镉蓄积量显著增高(P0.05),而肌肉、血液中无显著差异(P0.05),脂肪、皮中未检出镉。日粮使用大比例镉超标稻米后镉在各脏器和组织中的蓄积规律为肾脏肝脏小肠脾肺大肠胃血液骨头心腿肌背肌脂肪、皮。由此可见,镉超标稻米对生长期猪的生长特性未产生显著的影响,稻米来源镉主要蓄积于肝脏和肾脏,而主流食用组织肌肉和血液中镉的蓄积量较少。     

滨海滩涂不同围垦年代垦区农作物重金属累积特征及其与氮、磷的关系

为探明滨海滩涂围垦区农作物重金属累积特征及其与围垦年代、作物氮磷含量及化学计量比的关系,采集盐城地区不同围垦年代(围垦20、30、40、60年)农田4种主要作物(大麦、小麦、油菜、蚕豆)样品63个,测定了其根、茎叶和籽粒中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As及全氮(N)、全磷(P)和粗蛋白(CP)含量,分析了重金属累积特征及与围垦年代、N、P、CP及N/P比的关系,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对重金属污染程度和安全水平进行了评价。结果表明,1)围垦农田作物整株各指标含量分别为Cd (0.52±0.94)、Cu (12.98±16.00)、Zn (34.93±27.91)、Pb (3.50±5.88)、Hg (0.0063±0.0063)、As (1.94±3.72) mg·kg~(-1)及N(13.69±8.27)、P (5.98±2.24)、CP (79.55±49.54) g·kg~(-1);籽粒中则分别为(0.0059±0.020)、(1.83±1.48)、(11.13±4.45)、(0.09±0.30)、(0.0023±0.0036)、(0.0021±0.0048) mg·kg~(-1)及(19.21±7.68)、(6.04±1.64)、(111.78±47.81) g·kg~(-1); 2)作物重金属均表现为根茎叶籽粒,N和CP与之相反,表现为根茎叶籽粒,而P则表现为根籽粒茎叶; 3)不同围垦年代之间作物重金属、N、P、CP含量、N/P比及综合污染指数(Pz)均没有显著差异(P0.05); 4)各作物籽粒6种重金属单因子污染指数均值均小于1,除个别样品Pb超标(超标率11%)外,其他重金属均未超标; 5)作物籽粒重金属Pz均值为0.38,表明该地区作物重金属总体处于安全级,但大麦、小麦、油菜籽粒均有样品Pb含量超过警戒线,个别样品甚至达到重度污染水平; 6)作物整株各重金属之间、重金属与P之间均存在显著正相关(P0.01),而重金属与N、CP、N/P存在显著负相关(P0.01),在籽粒中则相关性均不显著(P0.05)。以上结果显示,盐城滨海滩涂围垦区作物重金属累积与围垦时间关系不大,其含量目前尚处于可接受范围内,但Pb污染值得关注,作物重金属与P之间存在一定的相互促进作用,而与N存在一定的拮抗作用,高氮低磷的机体养分状况有助于降低重金属含量。     

An extraction-assay system: Evaluation on flavonols in plant resistance to Pb and Cd by supercritical extraction-gas chromatography

In this research, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) showed better extraction effect when compared with Solid- liquid extraction (SLE), Soxhlet extraction (SE) and Ultrasonic extraction (UE), not only in the rate but also the time. The comparison among these three extraction modifiers, including acetone, ethanol and methanol demonstrated that ethanol was preferred to SFE due to its high extraction effect and low toxicology. In addition, parameter of SFE, influence of temperature and pressure were investigated, and the best extraction effect was achieved at the optima conditions, temperature of 40°C and the pressure of 35 MPa. Thus, SFE is a highly effective method for flavonols extraction, requiring minimum energy and producing non-toxic byproduct. SFE-GC system is applied for the evaluation on flavonols that plays a key role in plant resistance to heavy metal, with its content and synthetase gene expression significantly increasing in plant when threatened by heavy metal. Besides, results indicated that flavonols can improve plant resistance to oxidative stress by quenching the redundant ROS in matrix.

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电镀污泥中重金属溶出动力学及其在土壤中的归趋

电镀污泥是电镀工业中重金属的"汇",在降水的作用下可能向环境释放大量的重金属.本文通过连续浸出实验和动力学拟合探究了电镀污泥中重金属的溶出特性,并分析了重金属在土壤中的吸附、迁移转化及淋出行为.结果表明,在淋溶初期,重金属从电镀污泥中大量释放,且土壤中Cr （Ⅵ）、Ni的淋出浓度分别高达0.102、0.222 mg·L^-1.淋溶后,表层土壤中Ni、Cu的总量及可交换态/碳酸盐结合态含量均显著增加;由于专性吸附作用,Cu的铁锰氧化物结合态含量也大量增加,Cu在土壤中的吸附率高达89.32%~97.67%,降低了其从土壤中的淋出风险.Cr、Ni、Cu更易在红壤中发生吸附并转化为稳定的有机结合态,降低了重金属的潜在迁移性;相应地,电镀污泥中释放的Cr、Ni、Cu在栗钙土中具有较高的淋出风险.     

大伙房水库沉积物重金属形态分析及污染特征

采用BCR连续提取法对大伙房水库沉积物中7种重金属元素(Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd和Pb)的赋存形态进行了分析,并结合重金属总量讨论了各元素的潜在环境危害性. 结果表明,Cd主要以醋酸可提取态及可还原态存在,具有很强的环境危害; Pb主要以极高比例的可还原态存在,潜在环境危害较高; Zn,As和Cu存在较大比例的酸可提取态及可还原态,也具有一定程度的潜在环境危害; Cr和Ni以残渣态为主,产生环境危害的可能性极小. 相关分析结果显示,Cu,Zn,As,Cd和Pb各赋存形态含量及总量与沉积物性质之间的相关性均不显著,说明大伙房水库沉积物受到了这5种重金属元素外源输入的影响.      

交替冻融对东北典型土壤浸提液碳氮污染指标的影响

以黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土为例,试验研究了交替冻融对土壤溶解性污染物的影响.结果表明,15次交替冻融后(在-20和20 ℃进行冻融处理),黑土浸提液的ρ(COD_Cr)下降了36%,水稻土浸提液上升了8%,暗棕壤浸提液未出现明显变化;黑土浸提液的ρ(NH₄+-N)下降了22%,水稻土浸提液上升了84%,暗棕壤浸提液未出现明显变化;黑土和暗棕壤浸提液的ρ(NO₃--N)分别上升了1.3和1.1倍,而水稻土未出现明显变化.土壤浸提液ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)的变化主要取决于土壤含氧水平,有氧条件下浸提液的ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NH₄+-N)降低而ρ(NO₃--N)升高,缺氧条件下则相反.土壤浸提液的ρ(TN)主要取决于土壤C/N,冻融后黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土浸提液的ρ(TN)分别上升了30%,35%和39%.      

重金属污染的稻田土中总有机碳和颗粒态碳的变化

从广东大宝山矿区横石河下游受重金属污染的水稻田采集6个土壤剖面样品,研究了土壤中总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)和POC/TOC比率的垂直分布特征,并探讨不同污染程度对土壤有机碳含量及稳定性的影响.结果表明,与轻度污染和中度污染采样点相比,在重度污染的各土层中,TOC含量显著下降,其垂直分布有显著改变.POC含量在不同土层间的变化与TOC表现出相似的规律,但差异更显著.重金属污染会影响土壤有机碳不同组分在土壤剖面上的垂直分布特征及分配比例,从而影响土壤有机碳的稳定性和可利用性.中度重金属污染使POC含量显著增高,土壤有机碳变得易于分解和损失;重度污染使TOC含量显著降低,不利于土壤有机碳的固定和积累.不同重金属对土壤有机碳稳定性的影响不同,Pb表现出与Cu、Cd的拮抗作用,Pb使有机碳稳定性增加;而Cu和Cd则相反.但多种重金属联合效应使土壤有机碳稳定性呈降低趋势.     

Cu2+和Cd2+对斑马鱼胚胎早期发育的联合毒性

采用斑马鱼胚胎早期发育技术,测定Cu2+和Cd2+ 2种重金属对胚胎发育的毒性效应. 以24 h致死和72 h胚胎孵化抑制为毒性终点,2种重金属的剂量-效应曲线可用Weibull函数或Logit函数有效描述,由最佳拟合函数计算得出半数致死浓度(LC₅₀)或半数效应浓度(EC₅₀)为毒性效应的评价标准,2个毒性终点的重金属毒性大小顺序均为Cu2+>Cd2+. 应用浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(IA)2种模型,对72 h孵化抑制率的无观测效应浓度(NOEC)配比混合物的联合毒性作用进行了预测,通过混合物试验观测数据的95%置信区间与CA模型和IA模型预测的剂量-效应曲线进行比较分析表明,2种模型都可以有效预测斑马鱼胚胎孵化的联合毒性.