福建省经济系统物质流分析研究

运用物质流分析(MFA)方法,对福建省经济系统在1990~2008年间的物质输入与输出进行系统地分析,探讨了福建省经济发展与环境压力的关系。研究结果表明,福建省"资源高投入"的粗放型经济发展模式没有实现根本转变。主要结论有:(1)福建省物质输入量不断上升,能源需求急剧增长;(2)隐藏流不断增加,矿产资源地生态包袱不断增大;(3)区域过程排放缓慢上升,大气污染物排放为主要推动因子;(4)物质需求强度有反弹趋势,经济发展与物质需求出现扩张性"复钩"。最后,对福建省经济可持续发展提出了大力提高资源能源利用率、推进循环经济发展、优化产业结构、继续强化环境综合整治等建议。     

Place attachment and place identity: First-year undergraduates making the transition from home to university

This paper examines the issues emanating from the transition into a new social and cultural environment distant from the home, the context of which is provided by the transition from home to university. The study analyses the transitional process over a period of 5 months, using data obtained from in-depth semi-structured interviews and participant observation of ten first-year undergraduates who moved to study at the University of Gloucestershire in Cheltenham. It explores the mediating variables that impact place attachment and place identity during the transition from home to university. Within this context consideration is given to how participants made sense of changes in their socio-spatial environment, the ensuing problems and challenges of doing so, and how these meanings affected self-perceptions and self-evaluations. The analysis demonstrates how participant's stories of the transition evince an abiding concern with the loss of place, manifest in terms of an erosion of a sense of belonging, attachment and continuity and an undermining of home's capacity to symbolise the self. The implications of such accounts for our understanding of place attachment and identity are then explored. The paper concludes by advocating a holistic approach to our conceptualisation of place, given that place meanings are constantly being evaluated and redefined in light of changing social and physical relationships with place and between people and place.     

中国2030年碳排放强度减排潜力测算

中国正面临严峻的环境问题,2013年中国的CO2排放量超过了欧盟和美国的总和,同时中国的人均CO2排放置首次超过欧洲. 2015年在巴黎国际气候大会上中国政府宣布碳排放强度减排目标为:2030年单位国内生产总值CO2排放比2005年下降60％-65％.按照IPCC(2007) CO2排放核算方法计算的数据,近年来中国CO2排放情况总体呈排放量逐年上升但排放强度总体下降的态势.为了进一步估计中国2030年CO2排放强度,本文构建了IPAT模型,利用全国30个省1995-2012年数据进行拟合,并采用最小二乘法和萤火虫优化算法分别计算了IPAT模型的参数,发现与传统最小二乘法相比,萤火虫算法优化后的模型显示出更高的拟合优度和更低的误差,模型系数也更为合理.文章在萤火虫优化的IPAT模型基础上估算了中国2030年的CO2排放强度,实证结栗显示,第三产业的发展有利于降低CO2排放强度;2030年全国CO2排放强度比2005年下降了66.34％,其中有20个省份CO2排放强度减排幅度超过60％;中国能够实现在2015巴黎国际气候大会上提出的碳减排目标.为了进一步发展低碳经济,各省应该充分重视经济转型对减少CO2排放的作用,改善以煤炭为主的能源消费结构,增加生物能、太阳能、风能、沼气等可再生资源的使用比重.     

Variations in public and private employees’ perceptions of organizational preparedness for natural disasters

Studies have demonstrated that public and private organizations differ in many respects (e.g. funding mechanisms and risk-taking capabilities). Based on this scholarship, we expect to see differences in their disaster preparedness levels. Hence, we propose the following research question: Are there variations in public and private employees’ perceptions of organizational preparedness for natural disasters? We answer this question by employing the theories of publicness and social identity. We define publicness through the core approach arguing that public and private organizations are uniquely different based on their legal status or ownership and social identity as an individual’s feeling of oneness or belongingness to a particular group or organization. Using data gathered in 2014 from a nationally representative sample of 1634 public and private employees in the United States, we posit that employees of private organizations will report higher preparedness levels in comparison to employees of public organizations. Our proposition is based on scholarship that found a negative relationship between publicness and organizational identification and a positive relationship between organizational identification and organizational performance. Contrary to our proposition, but in line with the disaster literature, the results showed that in general, employees of public organizations reported a higher preparedness level than employees of private organizations.     

基于隐私保护的超高频移动无线射频识别(RFID)系统安全性研究

针对移动无线射频识别(RFID)技术应用的日益重要性及其服务的安全性现状,基于RFID和移动通信技术相关理论,从安全和隐私的角度阐述移动RFID技术及其应用服务,分析移动RFID服务所面临的主要安全问题和安全性要求;建立一种适用于超高频移动RFID系统的安全增强型服务架构,并提出一种基于原始标签身份隐藏的隐私保护方案,以期为解决移动RFID服务各种安全问题提供帮助。分析表明,采用具有透明传输方式的安全增强型服务架构,并定期修改标签ID可以有效地保护移动RFID用户的隐私。     

基于改进IPAT模型的中国未来碳排放预测

在"碳排放量与能源消费成正比"假设的基础上,对中国1987—2010年的历年碳排放量和人均碳排放量进行了分区域研究与计算.经数据分析,发现以2002年为界线,前后两个时期中国碳排放变化缺乏内在的连贯性,2002年以前的碳排放曲线无法表征未来年份碳排放趋势.在此发现的基础上,以2002—2010年碳排放数据为基础,引入表征科技进步的变量,对IPAT模型进行改进,进而对2010—2050年中国碳排放进行了预测和分析.结果表明:中国排放峰值发生在2030年,全国碳排放总量将达到3684.1636Gg,人均碳排放为2.6476t;在2030年之前中国碳排放量将以平均每年2.89%的速度持续增加.2030—2050年碳排放量将以每年2.09%的速度减少,至2050年,全国碳排放量为2366.4522Gg,人均碳排放为1.8521t.本研究为中国未来碳排放政策的制定提供了方法与数据支持.     

Effects of plant diversity on greenhouse gas emissions in microcosms simulating vertical constructed wetlands with high ammonium loading

Wastewater with relatively high nitrogen concentrations is a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions and exerts multiple stresses on the environment. Studies have shown that plant diversity plays an important role in ecosystem functioning. However, the effects of plant species diversity on CH₄ and N₂O emissions under high ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) loading rates remain unclear. In this study, a microcosm experiment simulating vertical constructed wetlands supplied with high NH₄⁺-N water levels was established. The treatments included four species richness levels (1, 2, 3, 4) and 15 species compositions. There was no significant relationship between species richness and N₂O emissions. However, N₂O emissions were significantly reduced by specific plant species composition. Notably, the communities with the presence of Rumex japonicus L. reduced N₂O emissions by 62% compared to communities without this species. This reduction in N₂O emissions may have been a result of decreased N concentrations and increased plant biomass. CH₄ emissions did not respond to plant species richness or species identity. Overall, plant species identity surpassed species richness in lowering N₂O emissions from constructed wetlands with high NH₄⁺-N water. The results also suggest that communities with R. japonicus could achieve higher N removal and lower greenhouse gas emissions than other wetland species.     

DNA Registers of Legally Obtained Wildlife and Derived Products as Means to Identify Illegal Takes

Abstract:  The exploitation and sale of wildlife species that are endangered in only part of their range present regulators with the critical challenge of separating legal from illegal takes. Wildlife DNA registers created from tissue samples of legally obtained individual wildlife specimens can address this problem by allowing managers to identify unregistered (presumably illegally obtained) specimens. We tested the effectiveness of the only current, fully operational wildlife DNA register of individual genetic profiles collected from legally caught minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ). Twenty minke whale tissue samples collected at markets in Norway and 2 additional samples collected from beached minke whales in Denmark were genotyped at 12 loci used by the Norwegian minke whale DNA register. Genetic profiles of these samples then were compared against the 2676 individual profiles deposited in the Norwegian register. The high number of genetic markers used to identify individuals in our study allowed consistent matching of sample and reference profiles despite an overall error rate (due to experimental and interlaboratory data standardization) estimated at 0.015 per locus. Of the 22 test samples only the 2 Danish samples failed to match an existing profile in the Norwegian minke whale DNA register. Our results show that the basic principle of wildlife DNA registers can work in a real-life situation. The strength of wildlife DNA registers lies in their ability to unambiguously identify unregistered specimens with the aid of sensitive genetic methods that enable analysis of highly processed or degraded tissue samples. Our study also highlights a number of methodological problems such as laboratory errors and interlaboratory data standardization, which need be addressed to ensure a successful implementation of wildlife DNA registers.     

Organizational identification: Extending our understanding of social identities through social networks

Although organizational identification is founded on social identity and symbolic interactionist theories, current theories emphasize a social identity whereby organizational members categorize themselves and others based on roles and membership in an organization or work unit. In contrast symbolic interactionism, which resides in interpersonal relationships, is rarely theorized or empirically assessed in studies of organizational identification. We use survey data collected at an academic institution to explore how the strength and structure of an individual's social network both directly influences organizational identification as well as moderates the relation between social identity, or categorical, antecedents and organizational identification. Our results show that the size of an individual's network as well as the interaction between relationship strength and prestige better explain organizational identification than do antecedents based solely on categorization and social comparison processes. Thus networks of relationships, which have been a foundational but much neglected premise and process for organizational identification, are brought back into a theory of organizational identification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rendering reform: local authority planners and perceptions of public participation in Great Britain

Public participation in planning is frequently linked to ideas of environmental justice and sustainability; yet, despite the voluminous literature on the topic, the reaction of frontline planning professionals to the broadly pro-participation agendas of central and devolved government in Great Britain has not been sufficiently examined. This is important because of their role in implementing such agendas, and the space for frontline professionals to shape the contours of reform. Drawing on extensive empirical material, I explore the reaction of local authority planners to participation policies, finding divided opinion as to whether more participation is needed to improve planning, but a strong framing of participation as something requiring careful management. I conclude that planners are broadly supportive of participation so long as they are in control, which can be understood through an institutionalist perspective that suggests there will be a similar reaction to further, ongoing, efforts to make planning more participatory.