HOW RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS ARE PROTECTED AT LAKE TAHOE1

Riparian ecosystems are designated for special protection from development and disturbance at Lake Tahoe. The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) required protection of Stream Environment Zones (SEZs) in its Regional Plan for the Lake Tahoe Basin in 1987. These zones are identified by the presence of key indicators such as the evidence of surface water flow, riparian vegetation, near‐surface ground water, designated floodplain, and alluvial soils. They are mapped on each potential building site and assigned a setback that is also off limits to building construction. The SEZs are protected to maintain their functions and values, including flood attenuation, water quality enhancement, and wildlife habitat. Strict regulations control use or disturbance of SEZs on public and private property throughout the watershed. The TRPA has set restoration targets to increase the acreage of naturally functioning SEZs in the Tahoe Basin. Many SEZ restoration projects have been designed and implemented, but SEZ restoration targets have not been met. More SEZ restoration projects are being designed and funded each year. Restoration designers would benefit from increased effectiveness monitoring of completed projects and Web‐based dissemination of monitoring results.     

USE OF DELPHI METHODOLOGY TO ASSESS GOALS AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF A WATERSHED PROJECT1

ABSTRACT: The major objective is to report the way the Delphi methodology was employed in an environmental study aimed at identifying and ranking goals and social impacts of Cooper Dam and Reservoir Project located in the East Texas area. The Delphi procedures were modified to accommodate the nature of social field under study. Data were collected through personal interviews from twenty-seven respondents representing the government agency responsible for planning the Project and three communities geographically contiguous to the project. The respondents were provided an initial list of the Project's goals and social impacts and were asked to rank them in terms of degree of importance and to add to the list other goals and impacts that they would consider necessary. Respondents were interviewed in two successive rounds. Data show that on the whole the Delphi procedures were helpful in action analysis of the Project by identifying and ranking its goals and social impacts in terms of selected criteria.     

初论新疆环境域类型特征及对策

在进行环境保护时,首先必须对环境进行域类型划分,然后对划分的环境域特征以及它们之间的相互制约、影响的关系进行研究,并确定对不同的环境域采用不同的措施和对策,以达到环境保护的目的。本文初次对新疆的环境域进行了划分,在此基础上,对其特征及其相互关系进行了初步研究,最后提出了防治和保护不同环境域的措施及对策。     

确定电解铝厂卫生防护距离方法研究

针对GB/T 13201-91推荐的企业卫生防护距离计算公式未能体现电解铝厂厂房构造和平面布置的特点,导致计算结果与实际监测数据出入较大,给新建项目选址和现有企业的环境管理带来一些困难等问题.从电解铝厂无组织排放源的特征和推荐公式计算误差的问题入手,根据电解铝厂厂房的实际配置和结构,充分考虑诸多条件下卫生防护距离的计算,并比较了各种方法的计算结果,确定了更符合实际卫生防护距离的方法,从而在一定程度上解决了因GB/T 13201-91给定的公式计算结果偏大给电解铝厂的选址带来的困难.      

开发区土地利用的可持续性评价及实践研究—以芜湖经济技术开发区为例

目前国内土地资源可持续利用的研究主要集中在城市和县域尺度,关于开发区这一特殊经济区域的相关研究还较少。开发区是我国当前经济的重要增长点,所具有的良好示范和带动作用可促进其腹地甚至其他地区的可持续发展,因此评价和监测开发区土地可持续发展的状态和程度具有重要意义。以芜湖经济技术开发区为例,从土地开发利用状况、社会影响和环境质量三方面构建了开发区土地可持续利用的综合评价指标体系,运用模糊数学的方法对芜湖经济技术开发区土地利用的可持续性进行了综合评价,评价结果为该区土地利用的可持续性对中度可持续的隶属度0.539最大,根据最大隶属度原则,该区土地利用的可持续性为中度可持续。     

邻苯二甲酸酯在包气带土层中的迁移模拟研究

选择垃圾渗滤液中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为特征污染物,通过室内实验确定了DMP和DBP在包气带土层的降解、吸附、弥散参数,建立了DMP和DBP在包气带迁移的对流-弥散数学模型.利用有限差分数值解方法,预测了DMP和DBP在包气带土层中迁移及其对饱水带地下水的污染风险.结果表明,DMP和DBP 的包气带污染距离分别可达6.5m和0.5m,DMP存在丰水期污染饱水带地下水的风险,而DBP的污染风险较小.     

生物法/人工湿地工艺处理采油废水及其生态毒性削减研究

采用2种生物法/人工湿地工艺(水解酸化/好氧/人工湿地工艺和水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺)处理胜利油田某联合处理站经隔油、混凝处理的采油废水,并运用发光细菌技术研究采油废水在处理过程中的生态毒性削减规律.研究结果表明,在水解酸化段水力停留时间(HRT)为20 h,好氧段HRT为10 h,人工湿地HRT为2 d的工况下,水解酸化/好氧/人工湿地工艺与水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺的出水水质均能满足COD≤80 mg/L、NH_4~+-N≤15 mg/L的处理要求.发光细菌法试验结果表明,经隔油、混凝处理后的采油废水属高毒性废水,再经水解酸化/人工湿地(进水区强化曝气)工艺处理后生态毒性大幅削减,出水生态毒性降至低毒.     

艾比湖干涸湖底化学组成及盐尘的风运堆积

选择亚洲中部典型干涸尾闾湖——艾比湖干涸湖底及其下风向约200km的范围为研究区,并把研究区分为干涸湖底风蚀区和盐尘扩散堆积区两个子区.通过对两子区连续多年野外实地观测、采样分析、定点试验等手段,研究了干涸湖底表层沉积物的化学组成、湖底风蚀动态和盐尘的扩散堆积规律.结果表明,艾比湖干涸湖底不同地表形态(结晶盐壳、盐-淤泥-黏土壳、风蚀堆积壳)间可溶性盐含量差异显著,盐类混合物中以硫酸盐和氯化物为主,二者基本占全部可溶性盐的90%,碳酸盐含量甚微.春秋两季是湖底风蚀和盐碱尘暴的高发期,盐分堆积动态与风期变化一致,春、秋两季大风期,降尘中盐通量最高;冬、夏两季降尘中盐通量较低.干涸湖底下风向盐尘的堆积强度以精河为中心分别向西北和东北方向递减,盐尘在风运过程中表现出显著的分异规律,硫酸盐比氯化物具有更远距离的迁移能力.     

多因素影响下巷道变形特性数值模拟研究

基于FLAC3D有限差分软件对开挖深度、侧压力系数、断面形状等多因素影响下的巷道变形参数进行正交试验，根据正交试验分析结果，分别选取同一深度条件下的圆形、马蹄形、直墙拱形、矩形巷道进行模拟试验并以圆形巷道作为典型断面，对不同深度下的巷道变形特征进行模拟试验。研究结果表明:开挖深度对巷道开挖后的应力差变化影响明显，断面形状对巷道围岩内的塑性区深度和具有显著影响；巷道开挖后的塑性区深度和随形状指数增加而呈线性增长趋势，圆形巷道的塑性区深度和最小，矩形最大；应力差随着巷道开挖深度的增加呈线性增加，深部开采应重视巷道内的应力分布情况。     

1954-2000年渤海湾典型海岸带(天津段)景观空间格局动态变化分析

基于GIS技术和景观生态学方法,以渤海湾典型海岸带(天津段)为研究区,分析了该区域1954,1970,1981,1990和2000年的土地利用和覆盖变化特征,并在空间上反映出各时期的重点退化区域. 结果表明:1954—2000年研究区内高功能景观面积减少51.98%,主要是草地、沼泽和滩涂退化成农田、盐田、港口和养殖塘等经济价值较高的类型,其中以1954—1970年为高功能景观退化的最快时期,平均每年退化3 684.50 hm2,以沼泽和草地退化最为明显. 人口增长、滩涂利用和围海造地以及近岸环境污染是其重要的驱动力.