Simulating Nitrate Leaching Profiles in a Highly Permeable Vadose Zone

An approach is developed to simulate leaching of a dissolved chemical constituent in the vadose zone of an aquifer. Specifically, nitrate loading at the water table for different water table depths, for a range of aquifer permeability values, and for different cases of heterogeneity of the aquifer, are considered. Models from the literature are first used to derive soil–water characteristic curves (water retention and hydraulic conductivity) from a grain size distribution curve for unsaturated conditions. Given infiltration from the surface, the initial conditions for the chemical concentration, and the water content profile, leaching of the chemical in the vadose zone is simulated as a function of both time and depth. The methodology is illustrated for a permeable aquifer. Simulations are undertaken using a finite element code for saturated and unsaturated flow. Different scenarios are simulated depending on the heterogeneity of the aquifer and the depth of the water table. Modeling results show that in the example case studied, nitrate concentration loading at the water table does not depend strongly on the position of the water table, but rather on the material properties of the aquifer. The contribution of this endeavor resides in the methodology which allows a prediction of nitrate leaching using only the grain size property of the aquifer. It allows practitioners to obtain a first assessment of leaching with limited data.     

水位变动下三峡库区消落带植物群落特征

水位变动是湿地的基本特征之一,对湿地生态系统意义重大。为了解水位变动对三峡库区消落带植物群落的影响,于2010年8月对白夹溪消落带植物群落进行调查,采用TWINSPAN分类法对植物群落进行分类。结果表明:共发现维管植物85种,隶属34科70属;植物群落可划分为18个类型,狗牙根等5种群落为白夹溪消落带代表性植物群落;随着淹水程度的加深,群落组成呈现出由旱生植物到湿生植物的过渡趋势;植物群落香农指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数和生物量指数随水位梯度呈“∧”型变化趋势,辛普森指数呈“∨”型变化趋势。与156 m蓄水周期相比,植物物种数量、群落类型及组成、多样性均发生改变。水位变动是消落带新生湿地植物群落变化的主要驱动因子     

环境影响评价报告书数据计算及分析自动化系统设计

环境影响报告书的数据计算及分析一般采用人工处理的方法,工作量大且易出错。通过环境影响评价报告书数据计算及分析自动化系统的建立,实现了数据处理计算及分析自动化及系统化,提高了工作效率。     

武陵山经济协作区低碳发展模式选择分析

建立武陵山经济协作区已成为国家的发展战略,选择适合的发展模式至关重要。把经济发展模式划分为传统的经济发展模式和低碳经济发展模式,并对武陵山经济协作区存在的这两种经济发展模式进行分析。从发展前景和政策支持方面考虑,该地区选择低碳发展模式是必然的。武陵山经济协作区发展低碳经济应从开发清洁能源、发展旅游业、转变观念等方面着手。     

Testing a Simple Field Method for Assessing Nitrate Removal in Riparian Zones1

Abstract: Being able to identify riparian sites that function better for nitrate removal from groundwater is critical to using efficiently the riparian zones for water quality management. For this purpose, managers need a method that is quick, inexpensive, and accurate enough to enable effective management decisions. This study assesses the precision and accuracy of a simple method using three ground water wells and one measurement date for determining nitrate removal characteristics of riparian buffer zones. The method is a scaled‐down version of a complex field research method that consists of a large network of wells and piezometers monitored monthly for over two years. Results using the simplified method were compared to those from the reference research method on a date‐by‐date basis on eight sites covering a wide range of hydrogeomorphic settings. The accuracy of the three‐well, 1 day measurement method was relatively good for assessing nitrate concentration depletion across riparian zones, but poor for assessing the distance necessary to achieve a 90% nitrate removal and for estimating water and nitrate fluxes compared to the reference method. The simplified three‐well method provides relatively better estimates of water and nitrate fluxes on sites where ground‐water flow is parallel to the water table through homogeneous aquifer material, but such conditions may not be geographically widespread. Despite limited overall accuracy, some parameters that are estimated using the simplified method may be useful to water resource managers. Nitrate depletion information may be used to assess the adequacy of existing buffers to achieve nitrate concentration goals for runoff. Estimates of field nitrate runoff and buffer removal fluxes may be adequate for prioritizing management toward sites where riparian buffers are likely to have greater impact on stream water quality.     

郯庐断裂带（安徽段）浅层地下水水化学特征、控制因素及水质评价

为研究郯庐断裂带（安徽段）地下水的水化学特征、控制因素和地下水质量.在郯庐断裂带周边的江淮波状平原区、沿江丘陵平原区和皖西山地共采集了86组地下水,综合运用描述性统计、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比例分析、饱和指数、氯碱指数和熵权水质指数（EWQI）等方法,开展了地下水的水化学特征及控制因素研究,评价了地下水的质量.结果表明,郯庐断裂带（安徽段）周边浅层地下水呈弱碱性,地下水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca·Mg和HCO₃-Na·Ca型为主.水岩相互作用控制地下水化学组分的形成,硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化作用控制了地下水化学组分的形成.强烈的阳离子交替吸附作用是引起Na⁺富集的重要因素.研究区地下水整体质量较好,但受到一定程度人类活动的污染,江淮波状平原和沿江丘陵平原大部分地下水不适合直接饮用.研究结果对郯庐断裂带（安徽段）周边浅层地下水资源可持续开发利用和环境保护具有重要意义.     

大型水利水电工程扰动区植被的生态恢复

大型水利水电工程具有防洪、发电、航运等综合效益,是开发治理江河的骨干工程.水利水电工程建设常对项目区自然生态环境带来影响,施工中所产生的岩质边坡、土质边坡、弃土和弃渣等扰动可能导致项目区的生态系统退化、生物多样性丧失、水土流失和地质灾害加剧.扰动区植被生态恢复关系到工程安全运行和其所在区域的可持续发展.以向家坝水电工程为例,研究了大型水利水电工程扰动区植被生态恢复的目标、原则及方法.按生产、生态和社会功能,向家坝水电工程扰动区可划分为工程核心区、服务区和过渡区等3个功能区来系统规划其生态恢复.结合各自的功能需求和干扰特征,各功能区可采取相应的生态恢复技术和配置适宜物种来构建植物群落,形成结构稳定、多样性丰富、具有复合功能的植被景观.还简要评价了向家坝水电工程植被恢复现状,提出一些完善其生态恢复的建议.     

3H和99Tc在黄土中的迁移特性比较

³H和⁹⁹Tc是低中放废物处置中2个重要的核素,在处置场的安全评价中十分重要.由于介质对³H和⁹⁹Tc的吸附较弱,常忽略其滞留性,并用³H标定地下水的流速.野外实验表明:在包气带中,黄土对⁹⁹Tc的吸附大于³H;在含水层中,黄土对³H迁移的影响大于⁹⁹Tc.本文根据实验数据,采用非平衡吸附模式NESOR程序分别模拟了³H和⁹⁹Tc在黄土包气带和含水层中的迁移过程.模拟结果表明:⁹⁹Tc在黄土包气带中的分配系数范围为0.05～0.055mL/g;³H在黄土含水层中分配系数为0.116mL/g,该参数是黄土对³H和⁹⁹Tc综合影响的结果,其滞留机理尚待研究.     

岩石掘进机(TBM)穿越板岩和碳酸盐岩接触带引发的环境工程地质问题分析

在穿越隔水板岩和透水碳酸盐岩间接触带时,隧道施工将遇到一系列工程地质问题,这对地质条件适应性较传统钻爆法差的TBM掘进来说尤为突出。结合TBM施工的云南上公山隧道工程,通过对该接触带工程地质条件评价和问题分析,讨论了该洞段的泥石流、库水位下降、泉水断流等一系列环境工程地质问题的发生机理。     

不同状态下包气带除氮及阻止氮污染能力的实验研究

通过土柱模拟实验方法对包气带三种状态下，即天然自净、分别向包气带介质中注入营养以及人工培殖的高效脱氮菌，阻止氮污染及除氮能力进行了研究与评价。结果发现向包气带介质中注入人工培殖的高效脱氮菌这种状态具有很强的除氮和阻止氮污染的能力，进而给出了该种状态下细菌脱氮反应动力学模型。为实施利用包气带进行污水除氮和控制面源氮源污提供了科学依据。