长岛县海岛潮间带沉积物重金属及潜在生态风险评价

以2007年长岛县海岛调查资料为基础,分析了长岛县海岛潮间带沉积物中重金属含量特征及其与有机质含量等之间的相关关系,并对其潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,所有海岛潮间带重金属元素含量均未超过环境背景值;不同海岛间潮间带沉积物中重金属元素与有机质的关系略有差异;长岛县海岛潮间带重金属具有轻微生态危险,该海区可适当发展养殖业和旅游业。     

三峡库区万州塘角1号滑坡滑带特征研究

三峡库区顺坡向缓倾角滑坡灾害频发,万州塘角1号滑坡具有该种滑坡的典型特征。在对该滑坡详细调查研究、GPS观测及深部位移监测数据分析的基础上,通过钻探工程,探井开挖及大型现场剪切试验对该滑坡的滑带特征及力学性质进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:滑坡体表现为持续蠕滑,前缘比中部和后缘变形要大,其方向为NNW向,滑带埋深在10～21m,滑面呈波状起伏。探井揭露滑体中碎块石排布具有定向性和分段性特点,该滑坡存在多层次级滑动,认为在5.0～8.0m范围内存在一规模较大连续性较差的次级滑动带,受主滑带控制。滑坡各区的力学强度表现为不均一性,在滑坡前缘滑带土剪切强度比中部大,这主要是因为在中部地下水相比前缘要丰富,加上滑带土主要为粘土矿物,遇水膨胀软化致使强度降低。     

贵州普定喀斯特关键带土壤重金属形态特征及风险评价

采用BCR分步提取法对普定喀斯特关键带不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属(如Cd、 Cr、 Zn、 Fe、 Ni和Mn)的分布及其形态进行分析,评估了重金属的生物有效性以及生态环境潜在风险.结果表明,土壤重金属Fe、 Zn、 Cr和Ni主要以残渣态的形式存在,不易被生物所利用;而Cd和Mn的有效态含量较高,有较强的迁移性和生物有效性.普定土壤中丰富的有机质有利于重金属Cd、 Fe、 Cr和Ni的可氧化态转化,Ni、 Fe和Mn的可氧化态倾向于富集在土壤大团聚体内.风险评估指数法(RAC)和次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)评估结果显示,普定土壤表现出轻微生态危害,土壤中大部分重金属(除Cd)对生态环境有较低的风险,耕地和弃耕地中Cd对环境构成的风险更高,与施肥和喷洒农药等活动造成土壤中外源金属元素输入有关.     

Recovery of trailside vegetation from trampling in a tropical rain forest

Practically no information exists on the impact of human trampling on tropical rain forest vegetation. We studied three trails with varying periods of use and recovery in a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. Human impact on trailside plants was curvilinearly related to use, as found by other workers in temperate zone vegetation. Recovery in a period of two years and eight months had been rapid, and herbs and seedlings were more abundant along the recovering trail than in undisturbed forest. The results imply that a shifting mosaic of trails, analogous to the mosaic created by light gaps, may be the best management technique to minimize the impact of human visitors in tropical rain forests.     

珊瑚礁生态保护与管理的社会经济调查

通过综合古典社会学、人类学和经济学等学科的方法,采用调查问卷的方式对灯楼角珊瑚礁保护区的居民进行了社会经济调查,发现当地居民生活水平很低,对珊瑚礁的依赖性很强,生产方式简单,管理落后,政府、科学家和当地居民之间沟通较少,但最近居民对珊瑚礁资源重要性的认识已不断加深,并希望通过合理的开发和利用来改变生存状态。因而在今后的管理方案中应强调居民的参与,重视教育和培训,加强沟通和信息共享,合理规划,以达到珊瑚礁资源的可持续利用。     

干旱区内陆河流域景观生态建设

干旱区内陆河流域因其干旱、风沙及盐碱的自然环境,加之盲目开垦荒地、不合理利用水资源等人为因素的影响,改变了原有的生态平衡,形成了脆弱的生态环境和特殊的景观格局。其景观呈现出以荒漠为基质,河流廊道为核心对称分布的水域湿地－林（草）地－荒漠的宏观局格。由于水是干旱区内陆河流域的关键因素,为了合理利用水资源,积极发挥人的作用,从景观生态学理论与方法的角度,提出了以河流廊道建设、植被景观建设、绿洲景观建设为核心的生态建设方案,以增加内陆河流域整个生态体系的容载力和稳定性。     

推进生态工业发展建立循环经济模式

本文着重论述了生态工业和生态示范区建立和发展的意义。     

包气带中污染物的天然降解作用

通过包气带造纸污水中的降解试验,分析了污染物在包气带内经吸附、过滤、离子交换以及生物化学作用等净化机制,指出生物氧化作用和生物还原作用是包气带中两种主要的生物化学作用.污染物在包气带中迁移时,会在表层形成生物氧化带,在下部形成生物还原带.只有当生物还原带形成后,生化层才发育成熟,包气带对有机物能进行有效地降解和清除,具有良好的天然降解功能.并指出包气带的岩性、结构和包气带的厚度是影响包气带的降解能力重要因素.     

建设项目卫生防护距离的确定方法

建设项目环境影响评价过程中的选址问题至关重要,卫生防护距离的可达性是必不可少的因素.以合成氨厂为例,探讨环境影响评价中卫生防护距离的确定方法,对无组织排放源、源强及参数的确定进行了说明.     

Response of macroinvertebrate communities to abattoir wastes and other anthropogenic activities in a municipal stream in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Impacts of co-occurring stressors (organic wastes and various human activities) on macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental variables were investigated in a municipal stream, River Orogodo in southern Nigeria between the months of June 2004 and July 2005. Four sampling sites, each 25 m long were selected along 15 km stretch of the stream. There was a marked difference in the taxonomic composition of macroinvertebrates in the reference sites (I and IV) and those of the perturbed sites (II and III). A combined total of 78 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from the four sites of the river. The abundance and community structure patterns showed strong evidence of impact arising from the abattoir waste discharge such that the comparison of abundance values demonstrated high significance between the reference sites and the perturbed sites. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis indicated temporal trends in macroinvertebrate density and community composition. This was related to changes in environmental characteristics of the river especially BOD₅ and amount of nutrients. These factors produced spatial and temporal heterogeneity and exerted major influence on the benthic communities. The preponderance of Oligochaetes and diptera and deterioration in water quality at sites II and III are attributed to the intensity of human activities at these sites. Shannon-wiener diversity and evenness were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at the reference sites I and IV. Results illustrate the need for careful consideration of the water quality and indicator organisms in restoration and remediation programmes.