六股河水质污染特征分析

本文通过对不同时段和不同监测点环境监测数据的对比分析,研究了六股河水质污染特征。结果发现：2004～2010年六股河上游和中游符合Ⅱ-Ⅲ类标准,水质保持良好,但部分年份入海口处水质下降,主要污染指标为高锰酸盐指数和石油类。水期监测结果反映了六股河水质主要污染特征：入海口处个别年份丰水期和平水期主要污染物浓度突升是造成水质下降的主要原因。高流量状态下水质下降反映出受面源污染影响特征。入海口小渔场断面污染物入海通量估算结果表明：高锰酸盐指数和石油类入海量总体呈下降趋势,氨氮入海量呈先下降后急剧升高趋势。     

渤海偏东风对北戴河区降水及温度影响统计分析

利用2001—2010年1～12月北戴河观测站气象资料,筛选出401个样本个例,应用常规统计学方法及天气学理论,按不同分级统计分析降雨(雪)前6～8 h风向、风速及转为海风时温度变化基本数据,计算不同分级相关系数值,得出海上偏东风与降水、温度半定量化估计值。并用临近4个观测站同步资料对比分析,偏东风动态变化对岸区强降水落区具有指示意义;北戴河至内陆延伸温度梯度估计值为:夏季平均值0.6℃/10 km,冬季0.3℃/10 km;为单站精细化预报方法研究及中尺度数值模式检验提供基本依据。     

Landscape--wildfire interactions in southern Europe: implications for landscape management

Every year approximately half a million hectares of land are burned by wildfires in southern Europe, causing large ecological and socio-economic impacts. Climate and land use changes in the last decades have increased fire risk and danger. In this paper we review the available scientific knowledge on the relationships between landscape and wildfires in the Mediterranean region, with a focus on its application for defining landscape management guidelines and policies that could be adopted in order to promote landscapes with lower fire hazard. The main findings are that (1) socio-economic drivers have favoured land cover changes contributing to increasing fire hazard in the last decades, (2) large wildfires are becoming more frequent, (3) increased fire frequency is promoting homogeneous landscapes covered by fire-prone shrublands; (4) landscape planning to reduce fuel loads may be successful only if fire weather conditions are not extreme. The challenges to address these problems and the policy and landscape management responses that should be adopted are discussed, along with major knowledge gaps.     

珠江流域极端降雨时空演变特征分析

基于珠江流域1960-2005年42个雨量站的日降雨资料,定义了3个极端降雨的指标(最大连续降雨量(MCP)、最大连续降雨天数(MCD)以及最大连续降雨强度(MCI))及通过将三者叠加得到的综合指数Z,运用线性回归模型以及Mann-Kendall法分析了珠江流域极端降雨的时空分布特征。研究结果表明:①珠江流域的MCP、MCD、MCI和Z值在总空间分布上呈东大西小的局势,全年和夏季MCP、MCD、MCI等Z值的高值出现在珠江三角洲、桂林市、百色市等地区,表明上述区域是极端降雨的高发区;②珠江流域近46年的极端降雨事件没有出现显著变异,未发现显著突变;③极端降雨事件的空间分布特征与地形有密切联系,流域内极端降水事件的多发区周围往往有山脉或高大地形环绕,由于山区或者丘陵区地势较高,因而易发生山洪等灾害。     

城市污水管网内生物菌群演替规律

建立了一套长1200 m的城市污水模拟管段,研究了城市污水管网中微生物菌群的沿程演替规律,分析了管网生物膜的pH、DO、厚度、结构及菌群构造的变化情况.结果表明,城市污水管网生物膜pH变化不大,DO由0.35 mg·L-1减小为0.26 mg·L-1,生物膜厚度沿程开始呈增长趋势,平均厚度由300μm增加至800 m处的平均最大厚度560μm,此后呈现降低趋势,这主要与水力冲刷及易吸收营养物质的减少有关,因水力冲刷作用,管网生物膜的初始结构表面平整,随管网长度增加,生物膜呈现疏松构造,从而增大了生物膜比表面积,有利于其生长发育.同样作用下,管网生物膜中的菌群数量也呈现逐渐减少的趋势,生物菌群也发生了较大的变化,其中,200 m处有球菌属、链球菌属、杆菌属、链杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属等菌群,依次400 m、600 m处有肠球菌、脱硫弧菌属、硫单胞菌属,1000 m以后以甲烷球菌、反硝化杆菌、脱氮硫杆菌等厌氧菌为主,沿程菌群种数减少后形成了稳定的菌群结构存在.     

关于加快辽宁省生态文明制度建设的思考

以《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》为指导,以确立生态文明制度建设为手段,以建设美丽辽宁为目的,结合辽宁省环保工作实际,从对策建议、保障措施等方面入手,就如何建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系进行了阐述,为辽宁省生态文明制度建设提供指导。     

再生水河道浮游微生物多样性季节变化分析:以北运河为例

浮游微生物作为分解者在城市水生生态系统发挥重要作用,但外界环境变化显著影响其在污染物降解和转化过程的作用.以高度人工化的北运河为研究区域,利用16S rRNA高通量测序结果分析了浮游微生物群落结构的季节变化,以揭示以再生水为主要补给水源的城市河道浮游微生物多样性季节变化机制及其与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,浮游微生物群落多样性和群落结构组成存在显著的季节变化.季节性降雨和再生水补给物理扰动过程引起的水体扩散能力增强是夏季α多样性显著高于春季的直接原因,同时减弱了夏季浮游微生物群落多样性空间分化程度.季节性径流和温度是影响高度人工化城市河道水文水质季节变化的主要原因,由于季节性径流和温度变化引起的ČNO₂^--N和TP变化是河道浮游微生物多样性变化的主要原因.春季季节性断流导致的北运河水体还原性状态,使得春季水体中富集的细菌大都为厌氧菌,如与溶解性有机物降解有关的拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和与反硝化过程有关的纤细菌门（Gracilibacteria）等.而夏季季节性径流和频繁降雨以及河道闸坝、闸门开闭频率增高引起的水体复氧能力增强,一方面显著缓解河道营养物质污染,另一方面使得夏季水体中富集的细菌大多为好氧菌或兼性厌氧菌,如具有嗜高温特性的蓝藻（Cyanobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）等自养微生物,以及在污染物降解转化过程中有重要作用的酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）等.研究结果对以再生水为补给水源的城市河道污染治理和生态修复有实际指导意义.     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

青岛市生态环境质量动态变化研究简

以2011年Landsat TM遥感影像为基础数据源,利用遥感与GIS技术对青岛市生态环境状况进行了监测,依据《生态环境状况评价技术规范（试行）》（HJ/T 192-2006）对2000-2011年生态环境质量动态变化趋势进行了评价,在此基础上对地市级单位进行生态环境质量评价中存在的主要问题进行了分析。指出使用归一化系数评价不同区域同一时期的生态环境状况是有效的,但同一区域不同时期的同一指标却不具有可比性;地市级单位在应用规范的过程中发现,不能将“区”作为和“县”同级的评价单元; COD对环境的污染影响应与区域降水的总量负相关,在对COD负荷进行评价时,应考虑的是区域的降水总量。     

Evolving Water Management Institutions in the Red River Basin

Institutions are the rules and norms that guide societal behavior. As societies evolve—with more diverse economies, increased populations and incomes, and more water scarcity—new and more complex water management institutions need to be developed. This evolution of water management institutions may also be observed across different constituencies, with different societal needs, in the same time period. The Red River of the North basin is particularly well suited for research on water management issues. A key feature of water management in the Red River Basin is the presence of three completely different sets of water law. Minnesota’s water law is based upon riparian rights. North Dakota’s water law is based upon prior appropriation. Manitoba has a system of water allocation that features provincial control. Because the basin is fairly homogeneous in terms of land use and geographic features, its institutional diversity makes this an excellent case study for the analysis of local water institutions. This article reviews the local water management institutions in the Red River Basin and assesses the ongoing institutional evolution of local water management.