不同灌溉方法下保护地土壤盐分分布特征的研究

通过渗灌、滴灌、沟灌3种灌溉方法对保护地土壤pH、全盐含量及水溶性离子组成的影响,探讨了3种灌溉方法在保护地土壤酸化、盐化过程中的演化规律.结果表明:渗灌、滴灌、沟灌:3种处理方法中滴灌处理比渗灌处理和沟灌处理效果更好,表层水溶性盐分和硝酸盐积累较轻,酸化较轻,有利于土壤环境的可持续性发展和有效地保护土壤资源.     

沈阳沈抚灌区上游土壤石油烃污染残留调查及现状评价

以沈阳沈抚灌区上游指定区域为研究对象,监测分析了停灌十多年来土壤中石油烃污染残留状况;采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价了采样区域的土壤中石油烃污染现状,同时运用Arcgis软件分析绘制了采样区的单项污染指数分布图。结果表明:采样区域石油烃存在残留和污染现象,按照单项污染指数评价,60%的行政村土壤属于高污染级以上。按照综合污染指数评价,80%的行政村土壤属于重污染级。污染指数分布图显示,离主干灌渠的源头越近,污染越严重。对于土壤石油烃修复效果,旱田作业要好于水田作业。     

基于河道生态基流保障的农业生态补偿量研究

针对西北干旱和半干旱地区流域非汛期农业需水和生态基流间的矛盾问题,论文提出了基于河道生态基流保障的农业生态补偿量计算方法。从生态基流得到保障后农业灌溉用水受到影响的角度出发,通过引入作物需水系数建立河道生态基流保障造成的农业用水短缺量与产量损失间的关系,定量计算农业生态补偿量。以宝鸡峡灌区为实例,计算了河道生态基流保障的农业生态补偿量,确定宝鸡峡灌区不同情形下的补偿上、下限,分别为5.25 亿元和0.37 亿元。生态补偿对象为宝鸡峡灌区因河道生态基流保障导致产量受损的农户,补偿的主体为流域的相关管理部门,生态补偿标准的实施也不应只局限于现金发放,也可以用投资建设等形式进行补偿,以提高宝鸡峡灌区的农业可持续发展。     

废弃矿坑水体主离子化学特征及其灌溉适宜性分析

分析了上海市某废弃矿坑水样的主离子组成特征及其控制因素,并在钠吸附比法（SAR）、钠含量法（Na%）、残余碳酸钠法（RSC）和灌溉系数法（Ka）评价结果的基础上,利用极限条件法确定水体的灌溉适宜性。结果表明：研究区水样阳离子以Ca2+或Na+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主;山南侧矿坑水体的溶解性总固体（TDS）含量偏高,主要受蒸发浓缩控制,而山北侧矿坑水体主要受水岩作用控制。山南侧矿坑水样的Na%和RSC不符合适宜灌溉的限值要求,评价结果为不宜直接灌溉,而山北侧矿坑水样的所有评价指标均符合适宜灌溉的限值要求,评价结果为非常适宜。     

Uptake of carbamazepine by cucumber plants--a case study related to irrigation with reclaimed wastewater

Reclaimed wastewater is an important source of irrigation in semiarid and arid zones. Here we report data on carbamazepine (CBZ) uptake by cucumber plants in hydroponic culture and greenhouse experiments using different soil types irrigated with fresh water or reclaimed wastewater. Data obtained from the hydroponic culture experiments suggest that CBZ is mainly translocated by water mass flow, and thus it is concentrated and accumulated to the largest extent in the mature/older leaves. Carbamazepine concentration in cucumber fruits and leaves was negatively correlated with soil organic matter content. The concentrations of CBZ in the roots and stems were relatively low, and most CBZ in the plant (76-84% of total uptake) was detected in the leaves. A greenhouse experiment using fresh water and reclaimed wastewater spiked, or not, with CBZ at 1 μg L⁻¹ (typical concentration in effluents) revealed that CBZ can be taken up and bioaccumulated from its background concentration in reclaimed wastewater. Bioaccumulation factor (calculated as the ratio of CBZ concentration in the plant to that in the soil solution) for the fruits (0.8-1) was significantly lower than the value calculated for the leaves (17-20).This study emphasizes the potential uptake of active pharmaceutical compounds by crops in organic-matter-poor soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater and highlights the potential risks associated with this agricultural practice.     

Arsenic contamination of soils and agricultural plants through irrigation water in Nepal

This study monitored the influence of arsenic-contaminated irrigation water on alkaline soils and arsenic uptake in agricultural plants at field level. The arsenic concentrations in irrigation water ranges from <0.005 to 1.014 mg L(-1) where the arsenic concentrations in the soils were measured from 6.1 to 16.7 mg As kg(-1). The arsenic content in different parts of plants are found in the order of roots>shoots>leaves>edible parts. The mean arsenic content of edible plant material (dry weight) were found in the order of onion leaves (0.55 mg As kg(-1))>onion bulb (0.45 mg As kg(-1))>cauliflower (0.33 mg As kg(-1))>rice (0.18 mg As kg(-1))>brinjal (0.09 mg As kg(-1))>potato (<0.01 mg As kg(-1)).     

沈抚灌区土壤生态恢复途径初步研究

沈抚灌区是我国最大的石油类污灌区之一 ,已有长达 40年的污灌历史。灌区土壤中石油类有机污染物积累严重 ,特别是芳烃类污染物所占比例逐年增高 ,已给区域人群健康带来很大的潜在威胁 ,农田土壤的生态恢复迫在眉睫。本文全面分析了沈抚灌区土壤的污染特点 ,进行了土壤生物修复的初步研究 ,阐述了土壤生物修复方法的选用和开发方向 ,并对该区域生态恢复的途径进行了探讨     

Responses to natural and man-made hazards in Borno, Northeast Nigeria

This is a study of the responses of the people of eastern Borno to the twin hazards of drought and of an irrigation project stranded by the recent low level of Lake Chad. The environmental awareness of the people has been much influenced by access to information, particularly radio. There was a perceptual dissonance; drought is discerned as a natural act of God, but lake recession is seen as man-made. There is also a gap between responses perceived as appropriate and actual responses consequent on the constraints imposed by the process of modernization, notably the introduction of the South Chad Irrigation Project (SOP). Traditional response mechanisms involving the norm of reciprocity, the use of community resources, agricultural adaptations and sharing have become relatively insignificant in Borno. These are being replaced by emigration, lake floor cultivation and household diversification     

沈阳市污水资源化的技术路线和政策导向

介绍了沈阳市水资源现状 ,提出了解决水资源不足的污水资源化的技术路线和有关政策导向 ,为沈阳市和其他同类城市在解决污水资源化问题提供借鉴     

中国西北地区人工绿洲的开发与可持续发展

中国西北地区的人工绿洲是当地人类赖以生存的物质基础和未来文明建设的主要依托，也是本地区独有的人工生态景观。中国西北属干旱、半干旱地区，于是蒸发量大、降雨量小。光热资源充足为当地的主要气候特征，为人工绿洲的开发与发展准备了前提。通过人为作用于干旱、半干旱地区，把地下水或者河流水引入进行灌溉，增加土壤水份，改善土壤成分，形成了可供人类生存的绿洲。西北地区的人工绿洲经过2000多年的曲折道路，有的已消失，有的正在衰退中，有的取得了良好的生态、社会和经济效益。分析中国西北地区的水土源与引水开垦条件及人工绿洲的发展趋势和现存的生态问题。从而得出，人类对水资源的不合理利用是导致人工绿洲生态失衡的主要原因，总结人工绿洲衰退的原因，提出西北地区人工绿洲可持续发展的模式。