水泥窑共处置低品质包装废物的生命周期评价

以低品质包装废物为典型固体废物开展水泥窑共处置试烧试验. 以生命周期评价(LCA)方法为研究手段,对水泥窑共处置技术的环境影响进行评价,并且与常规水泥熟料生产过程进行比较. 通过试验和资料调研,获得所有生命周期阶段的能量和物质输入、输出以及环境外排数据,利用SimaPro7.1软件进行处理,得出相应的环境影响潜值. 结果表明:①在水泥熟料生产的全生命周期过程中,对环境影响所占比重最大的是生产阶段,共处置低品质包装废物可以使环境影响潜值降低10.65%（从263 Pt降至235 Pt）,主要表现在无机物对人体的损害和酸化/富营养化方面. ②从全生命周期来看,共处置低品质包装废物使环境影响潜值降低了8.68%（从334 Pt降至305 Pt）,主要表现在无机物对人体的损害和酸化/富营养化方面的降低,二者的环境影响潜值分别降低了11.00%和15.70%.      

水泥窑协同处置工业废弃物的生命周期评价

以废白土、废催化剂和污染土壤等工业废弃物为研究对象,运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对水泥窑协同处置废弃物的环境影响进行评价.通过建立生产过程输入、输出清单,从全球变暖潜值、资源消耗潜值、人体毒性潜值等方面,基于Gabi5.0软件进行建模与计算,对水泥窑常规生产工艺与协同处置工业废弃物工艺产生的环境影响进行比较.结果表明:功能单位(1 t)水泥的生产过程中,常规生产工艺和协同处置工艺的环境影响潜值分别为5.78×10~(-11)和5.61×10~(-11),协同处置工艺使得全生命周期环境影响潜值降低了2.94%;水泥生产过程最主要的环境影响是全球变暖和人体毒性,其中,协同处置工艺下这两种环境影响分别降低了0.80%和1.80%,资源消耗相比常规生产降低了11.1%;从全生命周期看,水泥生产中熟料煅烧阶段对环境的影响最大,协同处置工艺下熟料煅烧阶段的环境影响相比常规生产降低了8.0%.协同处置工艺相比常规生产工艺有更好的环境效益.     

家电企业的低碳发展与实践

为应对低碳与节能减排这一世界关注的问题,企业应当积极推行低碳战略,并确定实施战略的能力建设。通过对典型家电产品的生命周期分析及企业低碳体系试点的研究,得到了企业碳排放的基本数据,探索了家电产品在节能减排领域的发展潜力和方向。低碳领域的试点效果为企业带来了良好的环境效益和经济效益,结合中国的实际情况给出了低碳经济的四个后续关注点。     

我国包装废物回收利用现状及典型包装物的生命周期分析

通过对我国城市生活垃圾填埋场中主要包装废物的类型、数量和目前主要包装废物的回收、利用渠道等方面的调查研究,以及对我国包装废物的污染和回收利用现状的分析认为,目前我国包装废物产生量大,回收利用体系不完善,利用价值较高的包装废物可以得到有效回收.提出目前我国包装废物管理的重点应是塑料类包装废物.在对几类典型包装物生命周期分析的基础上,对我国包装废物回收利用体系提出了建议.     

轻型纯电动汽车生产和运行能耗及温室气体排放研究

基于中国本地化的环境负荷数据,建立了电动汽车全生命周期模型,深入分析和评估了电动汽车生产和运行两个阶段的能耗及温室气体排放(Greenhouse gases,GHGs).结果表明:电动汽车生产和运行过程的总能耗为474 GJ;GHGs为40500 kg(以CO2当量计),电动汽车生产和运行过程的GHGs分别占总排放量的23.5%和76.5%.对于电动汽车生产过程能耗和GHGs而言,原材料生产均为主要贡献者,GHGs占到车辆生产过程的74.6%,占生命周期的17.5%.另外,情景分析表明,再生材料应用、单位电力GHGs和百公里电耗能够在很大程度上影响电动汽车的碳排放.再生金属替代原生金属后,从情景1到情景5,车辆生产的GHGs下降了约22.2%,车辆生产和运行过程的总GHGs下降了约4.7%;单位电力GHGs每下降1%,电动汽车运行GHGs下降0.9%;电动汽车百公里电耗每下降1.0%,车辆生产和运行过程总GHGs下降约1.0%.因此,发展清洁能源、降低火力发电比例、优化原材料生产工艺、提高再生原材料用量等,是有效降低电动汽车全生命周期过程总能耗和GHGs的重要途径.     

Life cycle assessment of a packaging waste recycling system in Portugal

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used to assess the environmental impacts associated with an activity or product life cycle. It has also been applied to assess the environmental performance related to waste management activities. This study analyses the packaging waste management system of a local public authority in Portugal. The operations of selective and refuse collection, sorting, recycling, landfilling and incineration of packaging waste were considered. The packaging waste management system in operation in 2010, which we called “Baseline” scenario, was compared with two hypothetical scenarios where all the packaging waste that was selectively collected in 2010 would undergo the refuse collection system and would be sent directly to incineration (called “Incineration” scenario) or to landfill (“Landfill” scenario). Overall, the results show that the “Baseline” scenario is more environmentally sound than the hypothetical scenarios.     

Distributed generation by energy from waste technology: A life cycle perspective

Municipal Solid Waste in general and its organic fraction in particular is a potential renewable and non-seasonal resource. In this work, a life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two future scenarios using biogas produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) to supply energy to a group of dwellings, respectively comprising distributed generation using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-CHP systems and condensing boilers. The London Borough of Greenwich is taken as the reference case study. The system is designed to assess how much energy demand can be met and what is the best way to use the digestible waste for distributed energy purposes.The system is compared with two alternative scenarios fuelled by natural gas: a reference scenario, where the electricity is supplied by the grid and the heat is supplied from condensing boilers, and a fuel cell micro-CHP system. The results show that, although OFMSW alone can only supply between 1% and 4% of the total energy demand of the Borough, a saving of ∼130 tonnes of CO₂ eq per year per dwelling equipped with micro-CHP is still achievable compared with the reference scenario. This is primarily due to the surplus electricity produced by the fuel cell when the micro-CHP unit is operated to meet the heat demand. Use of biogas to produce heat only is therefore a less desirable option compared with combined heat and power production. Further investigation is required to identify locally available feedstock other than OFMSW in order to increase the proportion of energy demand that can be met in this way.     

LCCA and environmental LCA for highway pavement selection in Colorado

The roadway network in the USA earned a grade of D representing poor condition in the latest report card from the American Society of Civil Engineers. To maintain economic and environmental sustainability during the roadway network development and rehabilitation, it is critical to apply sustainable materials and intelligent design. A good estimation on project-level life-cycle costs and environmental impacts is one of the important steps in the highway investment decision-making process. This article examines the current life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) practice employed by the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) in their pavement investment decision-making process, and proposes a regional environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) model to evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with Colorado highway pavements. Both LCCA and LCA are performed for a highway reconstruction project with Portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) and hot-mixed asphalt (HMA) alternatives. The LCCA is 7.4% in favour of HMA. Since the difference is less than 10%, it indicates equivalent designs. However, in the LCA, the GHG emission from PCCP is 26% less than the HMA over the 40-year analysis period. The vehicle fuel consumption will increase due to the deterioration of pavements. But the increased user cost is not included in the current LCCA employed by CDOT as well as user cost due to crashes and nonuser costs. The LCA can be an optional criterion for the selection of the preliminary pavement type.     

Improvement actions in waste management systems at the provincial scale based on a life cycle assessment evaluation

This paper reports some of the findings of the ‘GERLA’ project: GEstione Rifiuti in Lombardia – Analisi del ciclo di vita (Waste management in Lombardia – Life cycle assessment). The project was devoted to support Lombardia Region in the drafting of the new waste management plan by applying a life cycle thinking perspective. The present paper mainly focuses on four Provinces in the Region, which were selected based on their peculiarities. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was adopted as the methodology to assess the current performance of the integrated waste management systems, to discuss strengths and weaknesses of each of them and to design their perspective evolution as of year 2020.Results show that despite a usual business approach that is beneficial to all the provinces, the introduction of technological and management improvements to the system provides in general additional energy and environmental benefits for all four provinces. The same improvements can be easily extended to the whole Region, leading to increased environmental benefits from the waste management sector, in line with the targets set by the European Union for 2020.     

The steel industry, abiotic resource depletion and life cycle assessment: a real or perceived issue?

Time and again, there has been a hue and a cry that the world is running out of natural resources and the most prominent among those is the famous study entitled ‘The Limits to Growth’ by the ‘Club of Rome’. Since then the fear of scarcity of abiotic resources has been challenging human societies around the globe, particularly the research community. In this paper we will examine the case of the steel industry to argue how and why mineral resources depletion is an issue that needs to be addressed through life cycle assessment in more detail. This paper shows that a more comprehensive understanding about the current production trends of iron ore and steel, which also requires several vital metals such as copper, manganese, nickel and so on, can provide useful insights in assessing the potential future threat of shortages due to depletion of abiotic mineral resources.