Natural vs. plantation forests: A case study of land reclamation strategies for the humid tropics

Biomass and productivity were compared in two plantations and in one stand of natural regeneration on similar sites in a premontane moist forest region of Puerto Rico. While initial growth rates of plantation species were higher, after four decades productivity of the natural regeneration plots was equal to or greater than productivity of the plantations. For the first 44 years, aboveground biomass of natural regeneration increased at an average annual rate of 3.8t·ha^–1·yr^–1, but the last year of the study it was 14.7t·ha^–1. Biomass increment of a pine plantation averaged between 8 and 10.5t·ha^–1·yr^–1 except for one year when the rate was much lower, possibly because of hurricane damage. A tropical hardwood plantation averaged close to 4t·ha^–1·yr^–1 for 41 years. It is suggested that in countries where funds for land reclamation are limited, intensive plantations may not always be the best strategy. Natural regeneration or shelterbelt plantations may be suitable alternatives.     

陕西省建设用地增长与碳排放变化的相关分析

通过分析2002~2011年间陕西省建设用地和碳排放的变化,基于LMDI模型分解方法,探讨了10年间建设用地变化对碳排放增长的影响。结果表明:研究时序内,陕西省建设用地和碳排放量均呈增长态势,建设用地年扩展率1.25%,碳排放年均增长8.84%,建设用地变化与碳排放量正向效应显著,建设用地对碳排放的贡献度为12.36%,对建设用地采取总量控制原则,能有效控制碳排放量,对陕西省实现"十二五"期间碳减排目标具有重大意义。     

大型气候环境实验室上部运输系统的方案设计

目的设计出满足气候环境实验室的上部运输系统。方法根据国内外实验室上部运输系统的设计经验,结合实际使用情况,设计出满足实验室使用条件的上部运输系统方案。结果设计出的上部运输系统直接参与各环境试验的运输、吊装工作,满足气候实验室的环境条件,且具有安全可靠、便于操作维护等特点。结论设计出的上部运输系统满足气候环境实验室的使用要求。     

科尔沁沙地退化植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳和全氮的空间异质性

采用地统计学分析方法研究了沙地退化植被恢复过程中(封育0 a的流动沙丘、封育11 a的流动沙丘和封育20 a的流动沙丘)土壤有机碳和全氮的空间异质性,探讨了它们与植被恢复演替和地形特征变化的关系.结果表明,随着流动沙丘的固定和封育年限的增加,植被盖度、丰富度、物种多样性、土壤有机碳和全氮含量(0~20 cm)逐渐增加.在流动沙丘植被恢复过程中,土壤有机碳和全氮的结构方差与基台值的比值C/(C0+C)均大于65%,反映出它们具有明显的空间自相关性;土壤有机碳和全氮含量的空间自相关范围分别为58.39 m和91.00 m(封育0 a)、28.59 m和23.61 m(封育11 a)和63.31 m和61.05 m(封育20 a).由半方差函数及其参数和空间分布格局图分析表明,其空间异质性在所研究的尺度上表现出先增大(封育0~11 a)后减小(封育11~20 a)的变化特点.沙丘植被恢复过程中植被盖度、丰富度、物种多样性与土壤有机碳和全氮均有极显著的正相关关系(p<0.01).分析表明沙丘植被变化和地形特征影响着土壤有机碳和全氮在沙丘上的空间分布,沙丘植被恢复演替过程极大地影响了土壤有机碳和全氮的积累及其空间异质性...     

毛乌素沙地气候变化及其对植被覆盖的影响

利用1961—2007年毛乌素沙地气温、降水资料,对研究区近50 a来气温和水分资源各分量的时空变化进行了研究,并结合TM影像和中巴资源卫星影像,从气候变化和群落水分收支平衡的角度,对毛乌素沙地近20 a的植被覆盖变化及其原因进行了分析。结果表明:近50 a,沙地增温趋势显著,变化率为0.33℃/10 a。全区域年均温变化趋势的范围为0.16~0.5℃/10 a,且增温的程度存在西北部最强、东南部最弱的趋势。水分资源各分量时空分布极不均匀:东南部降水量P和可利用降水Δw多、陆面蒸散E强,西北部相反。P、E、Δw均呈现出逐年减少的趋势,并且大致经历了3个变化阶段。近20 a毛乌素沙地植被覆盖变化与气候变化密切相关。为适应不断变化的气候需要,在进行沙地治理与生态建设中,必须考虑人工植被建设的可持续性问题。     

国内土地复垦文献的定量分析

采用文献计量学方法,对1985-2007．9．30间《中国期刊全文数据库》收录的土地复垦文献进行统计分析,探讨了土地复垦文献的年代、作者、研究机构、期刊以及内容等的分布。结果表明：所检索的364篇文献,涉及791位作者、157个作者单位和136种期刊;文献年代分布与文献的平均合作度基本呈上升趋势;核心作者群及核心作者单位已经形成;“能源环境保护”等7种期刊构成了本学科领域的核心区期刊;文献的研究内容主要集中在理论研究、复垦实践与问题探讨三个方面,发文量为328篇,占总文献量的90．11％。     

太湖流域重污染区LUCC及驱动因素分析

通过对太湖流域重污染区1999年和2007年的2期遥感影像数据解译结果的分析,获取了太湖流域重污染区主要土地利用类型的信息,分析了8年来研究区内土地利用与覆被变化趋势,并对区域内土地利用/覆被变化的驱动因子进行了探讨。结果表明,从1999～2007年间,太湖流域重污染区内耕地面积减少,而林地、建设用地、园地、水域总体呈增加的趋势,其中减少的耕地主要转化为建设用地。在区域结构中,影响土地利用结构变化的驱动力因素主要是经济的发展、城市化进程推进、人口增长以及政策因素这4个方面,而研究区内经济的快速发展和人口的增长成为土地利用/覆被变化的关键因素。     

Evaluation of carbon stock variation in Northern Italian soils over the last 70 years

Carbon (C) sequestration in soils is gaining increasing acceptance as a means of reducing net carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions to the atmosphere. Numerous studies on the global carbon budget suggest that terrestrial ecosystems in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere act as a large carbon sink of atmospheric CO₂. However, most of the soils of North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Eastern Europe lost a great part of their organic carbon pool on conversion from natural to agricultural ecosystems during the explosion of pioneer agriculture, and in Western Europe the adoption of modern agriculture after the Second World War led to a drastic reduction in soil organic carbon content. The depletion of organic matter is often indicated as one of the main effects on soil, and the storage of organic carbon in the soil is a means of improve the quality of soils and mitigating the effects of greenhouse gas emission. The soil organic carbon in an area of Northern Italy over the last 70 years has been assessed In this study. The variation of top soil organic carbon (SOC) ranged from −60.3 to +6.7%; the average reduction of SOC, caused by agriculture intensification, was 39.3%. This process was not uniform, but related to trends in land use and agriculture change. For the area studied (1,394 km²) there was an estimated release of 5 Tg CO₂-C to the atmosphere from the upper 30 cm of soil in the period 1935–1990.     

经济转型视角下长三角城市土地利用效率影响机制

经济转型背景下,研究全球化、市场化和分权化等因素对城市土地利用效率的影响机制具有重要的理论价值。基于2000-2015年长三角地区各地区面板数据,构建城市土地利用效率测度指标体系,运用超效率DEA模型测算研究区域城市土地利用效率,利用空间计量模型对城市土地利用效率的影响机制进行实证研究,结果表明:(1)从时间演变特征来看,长三角地区的城市土地利用效率呈现出两阶段波动上升的趋势。(2)从空间分异特征来看,长三角地区城市土地利用效率呈现较为明显的区域差异,城市土地利用效率的高值区沿"沪宁—沪杭—杭甬"交通线分布,且这一空间特征较为稳定。(3)从第一阶段到第二阶段,全球化因素对长三角地区城市土地利用效率的推动作用不断增强;经济市场化因素的总效应呈现减弱趋势;财政分权在第一阶段对本地区的城市土地利用效率有显著的积极作用,对临近地区的城市土地利用效率有显著的消极作用,但到了第二阶段,这两种作用均变为不显著;土地财政在第一阶段对土地利用效率提升具有重要作用,但第二阶段随着土地的资本化加强,反而不利于土地利用效率的提升。(4)控制变量中,产业结构高级化水平对提高城市土地利用效率具有显著的推动作用;人口密度因素对城市土地利用效率的直接影响也愈发显著。     

The “second dividend” and the demographic structure

The demographic structure of a country influences economic activity. The “second dividend” modifies growth. Accordingly, in general equilibrium, the second dividend and the demographic structure are interrelated. This paper aims at assessing empirically the “second dividend” in a dynamic, empirical and intertemporal setting that allows for measuring its impact on growth, its intergenerational redistributive effects, and its interaction with the demographic structure. The paper uses a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, an energy module and a public finance module that distinguishes between non-ageing-related public spending and a pension regime. Policy scenarios compare the consequences of different scenarios of recycling a carbon tax through lower proportional income taxes rather than higher public lump-sum expenditures. They are computed for two countries with different demographics (France and Germany). Results suggest that the magnitude of the “second dividend” is significantly related with the demographic structure. The more concentrated the demographic structure on cohorts with higher income and saving rate, the stronger the effect on capital supply of the second dividend. The second dividend weighs on the welfare of relatively aged working cohorts. It fosters the wellbeing of young working cohorts and of future generations. The more concentrated the demographic structure on aged working cohorts, the higher the intergenerational redistributive effects of the second dividend.