全文获取类型
收费全文 | 353篇 |
免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 3篇 |
废物处理 | 2篇 |
环保管理 | 169篇 |
综合类 | 71篇 |
基础理论 | 54篇 |
污染及防治 | 31篇 |
评价与监测 | 14篇 |
社会与环境 | 8篇 |
灾害及防治 | 2篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 1篇 |
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 1篇 |
2018年 | 1篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 8篇 |
2014年 | 5篇 |
2013年 | 15篇 |
2012年 | 6篇 |
2011年 | 36篇 |
2010年 | 16篇 |
2009年 | 40篇 |
2008年 | 26篇 |
2007年 | 15篇 |
2006年 | 15篇 |
2005年 | 8篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 9篇 |
2002年 | 10篇 |
2001年 | 11篇 |
2000年 | 12篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 4篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有354条查询结果,搜索用时 647 毫秒
231.
The Cerrado is one of the most threatened biomes in South America. To create protection actions on any scale, understanding drivers and consequences of land cover and land use (LC and LU) is essential. This study defines the composition and configuration of a Cerrado landscape watershed from 1975 to 2011. Using Landsat images and socioeconomic census data, we determined the forces acting on LC and LU change processes and their consequences. LC classes differ from LU classes for landscape dominance and processes. Economic opportunities drove LU change and its spatial distribution was related to soil, streams, and roads. Deforestation was the main cause of forest loss but forest degradation was also important, with both presenting different patterns. The spatial distribution of bare soil was related to pasture in degradation and streams. Bare soil distribution was related to pasture in degradation and streams. We concluded that broad scale factors drove changes, but local features determined distribution, and that watershed conservation plans should act on different scales, with management being spatially explicit. 相似文献
232.
Elena Cantarello Adrian C. NewtonRoss A. Hill Natalia Tejedor-GaravitoGuadalupe Williams-Linera Fabiola López-BarreraRobert H. Manson Duncan J. Golicher 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(5):1112-1128
Examining the potential for ecological restoration is important in areas where anthropogenic disturbance has degraded forest landscapes. However, the conditions under which restoration of degraded tropical dry forests (TDF) might be achieved in practice have not been determined in detail. In this study, we used LANDIS-II, a spatially explicit model of forest dynamics, to assess the potential for passive restoration of TDF through natural regeneration. The model was applied to two Mexican landscapes under six different disturbance regimes, focusing on the impact of fire and cattle grazing on forest cover, structure and composition. Model results identified two main findings. First, tropical dry forests are more resilient to anthropogenic disturbance than expected. Results suggested that under both a scenario of small, infrequent fires and a scenario of large, frequent fires, forest area can increase relatively rapidly. However, forest structure and composition differed markedly between these scenarios. After 400 years, the landscape becomes increasingly occupied by relatively shade-tolerant species under small, infrequent fires, but only species with both relatively high shade tolerance and high fire tolerance can thrive under conditions with large, frequent fires. Second, we demonstrated that different forms of disturbance can interact in unexpected ways. Our projections revealed that when grazing acts in combination with fire, forest cover, structure and composition vary dramatically depending on the frequency and extent of the fires. Results indicated that grazing and fire have a synergistic effect causing a reduction in forest cover greater than the sum of their individual effects. This suggests that passive landscape-scale restoration of TDF is achievable in both Mexican study areas only if grazing is reduced, and fires are carefully managed to reduce their frequency and intensity. 相似文献
233.
This work utilizes bird survey data, regression modeling, land-use modeling and landscape metrics to evaluate the effects of various spatial bird diversity conservation approaches on land-use allocation, land-use patterns, and biodiversity in the Shangan sub-watershed in central Taiwan. A survey of the distribution of species revealed that bird species are concentrated in the central and western parts of the sub-watershed. The results obtained using a Shannon-Weaver diversity regression model suggest that diversity of land-use increases the diversity of bird species. Logistic regression results verify that socio-economic factors determine the potential advantages of designating a particular type of land-use in certain parts of the study area. The results of land-use simulation modeling indicate that the eastern and southwestern areas of the sub-watershed will change most frequently between 2007 and 2017. Additionally, increasing the areas to protect bird diversity will effectively increase the patch size, habitat core area, edge effect and habitat connectivity. The Shannon-Weaver diversity regression model shows that protecting bird species diversity in large areas increases bird diversity. The proposed modeling approach is an effective tool that provides useful information for ecological planning and policymaking related to watersheds. 相似文献
234.
235.
针对雨水的南方丘陵城市环境景观基础设施网络问题,以雨水排泄和汇集为导向,以GIS为分析工具,计算出雨水汇集点和排泄路径的适宜性分析图,结合城市内现有环境,如公园、广场、废弃地、绿地等用地选择环境景观基础设施节点,根据现有城市用地布局、水系、道路系统,具体计算出这些环境景观设施廊道,构建一个多功能景观基础设施网络体系,在一定程度上缓解环境雨水内涝问题,同时又能改善城市景观环境,促进城市环境景观基础设施与城市环境基础设施的融合. 相似文献
236.
Effects of habitat and landscape fragmentation on humans and biodiversity in densely populated landscapes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Manuela Di Giulio Rolf Holderegger Silvia Tobias 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(10):2959-2968
Landscape fragmentation has often been seen as an only ecological problem. However, fragmentation also has a societal perspective, namely, in how humans perceive landscape fragmentation and in how landscape fragmentation potentially influences human well-being. These latter aspects have rarely been addressed so far. The inter-relationship of ecological and human dimensions of landscape fragmentation becomes especially evident when looking at the landscape where most people in industrial countries live, namely in suburban and urban areas. In these areas, landscape planners and environmental managers are confronted with the problem that landscapes should fullfil various functions, often with conflicting goals, e.g. nature reserves to enhance species richness vs. recreational areas for city-dwellers. We reviewed the ecological and sociological literature relevant for fragmentation in suburban and urban landscapes. In an interdisciplinary approach, we evaluated whether there are similarities and dissimilarities between the ecological and the human aspects of landscape fragmentation. We found important similarities. An example is that for both, humans and biodiversity, the loss of semi-natural areas has more drastic effects than the fragmentation of these areas per se. However, there are also relevant differences. We concluded that in densely populated landscapes a shift from responsive planning to an intentional design of environments is therefore needed. 相似文献
237.
Noncrop areas such as hedgerows in agricultural landscapes can perform several ecological and agronomic functions (e.g., habitat,
movement corridors, windbreak, etc.), but their dynamics and drivers of changes are often poorly known. We conducted a study
in three agricultural landscapes of southern Quebec, Canada, to assess and compare the spatial and temporal (1958–1997) dynamics
of three hedgerow networks in relation to geomorphic conditions (marine, glacial, and mixed deposit) and land-use changes.
Hedgerow networks were mapped and described in terms of their structure (density, degree of connectivity, and presence of
trees or shrubs) and their relationship to other components of the landscape (connection to woodland). Relationships were
assessed in time and space using nonparametric correlation, Mantel test, and principal components analysis (PCA). Results
show significant differences between hedgerow structure for the three landscapes and distinct temporal and spatial dynamics
that can be related to changes in management practices and agricultural policies. On marine deposits, increases in hedgerow
density did not always correspond to an increase in their degree of connectivity, suggesting a possible reduction in network
quality. On glacial deposits, hedgerow density declined following abandonment of agricultural land, but rather than disappearing,
these linear structures were integrated into adjacent brush or forested areas. Our analysis reveals the complex spatial and
temporal dynamics of the hedgerow networks and highlights the need to take into account spatial attributes such as connectivity
and connection to woodland to evaluate more accurately overall network quality. 相似文献
238.
Lowe WH 《Environmental management》2002,30(2):225-233
The movement of individuals among populations can be critical in preventing local and landscape-scale species extinctions
in systems exposed to human perturbation. Current understanding of spatial population dynamics in streams is largely limited
to the reach scale and is therefore inadequate to address species response to spatially extensive perturbation. Using model
simulations, I examined species response to perturbation in a drainage composed of multiple, hierarchically arranged stream-patches
connected by in-stream and overland pathways of dispersal. Patch extinction probability, the proportion of initially occupied
patches extinct after 25 years, was highly sensitive to the extent of species occupancy and perturbation within the drainage,
longitudinal species distribution, perturbation decay rate and the covariance pattern of stochastic effects on colonization
and extinction probabilities. Results of these simulations underscore the importance of identifying and preserving source
populations and dispersal routes for stream species in human-impacted landscapes. They also highlight the vulnerability of
headwater specialist taxa to anthropogenic perturbation, and the strong positive effect on species resilience of habitat rehabilitation
when recolonization is possible. Efforts to conserve and manage stream species may be greatly improved by accounting for landscape-scale
spatial population dynamics. 相似文献
239.
Frederick Steiner 《Environmental management》1991,15(4):519-529
This article is the first in a series of three. These articles were prepared to document the growth management process undertaken
in Teller County, Colorado, USA. In this article, an 11-step method for landscape planning is proposed. In step 1, an issue,
or set of related issues, is identified as posing a problem and/or opportunity to people and/or the environment. In step 2,
a goal, or several goals, is established to address the problem or opportunity. In steps 3 and 4, inventories and analyses
of biophysical and sociocultural processes are conducted, first at the regional level and then at the local level. Step 5
involves detailed studies (such as suitability analyses) that link the inventory and analysis information to the problems
or opportunities and goals. Detailed studies link regional and local information to specific sites. Thus, this method involves
a regional-local-specific site hierarchy. In step 6, concepts are developed that lead to a landscape plan in step 7. During
step 8, the plan is explained through a systematic educational and citizen involvement effort to the affected public. In step
9, detailed designs are developed that again are explained to the specific individuals who will be impacted by the designs.
It is in step 10 when the plan and designs are implemented. Step 11 involves the administration of the plan. The method is
illustrated through an example of growth management planning for Teller County and the city of Woodland Park, Colorado.
Paper 1 in a series of 3. 相似文献
240.
A spatially explicit linear, additive model was developed for quantifying site characteristics of riparian areas of the lower Cedar River, Washington, USA. The spatial complexity and distribution of combined habitat and anthropogenic landscape features were used to define habitat indices that indicate the relative quality of riparian habitats. Patches of contiguous grid cells were measured in terms of their locations, sizes, and relative degree of fragmentation. Additionally, intrapatch heterogeneity was measured to identify unique combinations of habitat and anthropogenic factors for individual grid cells within patches. Model verification indicated that existing floodplain riparian habitats received positive indices more than 90% of the time. Mean patch sizes and fragmentation indices were similar for all positive indices throughout the reaches in the valley floor. Among all reaches, reach 7 had the highest number of positive patches due to a higher degree of meandering in this reach. This procedure and model outputs provide unique screening opportunities for prioritizing management of riparian areas (e.g., conservation, restoration and enhancement). 相似文献