The Role of Disaggregation of Asset Values in Flood Loss Estimation: A Comparison of Different Modeling Approaches at the Mulde River,Germany

In loss estimation there is a spatial mismatch of hazard data that are commonly modeled on an explicit raster level and exposure data that are often available only for aggregated administrative units. Usually disaggregation methods that use ancillary information to distribute lumped exposure data in a finer spatial resolution help to bridge this gap. However, the actual influence of different mapping techniques and ancillary data on the final loss estimation has not been analyzed yet. In this paper three methods are applied to disaggregate residential building assets using two kinds of land use/land cover (LULC) data. The resulting disaggregated assets are validated and compared using census data of the residential building number on the community and constituency level. In addition, the disaggregated assets are taken to estimate residential building losses due to the flood in August 2002 in 21 municipalities on the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany. Losses are calculated with the help of four loss models. In general, disaggregation helps to decrease the error variance within the loss estimation. It must, however, be stated that the application of sophisticated disaggregation methods does not lead to significant improvements compared to the straightforward binary method. Therefore more effort should instead be put into the provision of high-resolution LULC data. Finally, the remaining uncertainties in loss estimation are high and demand further improvements in all modeling aspects.     

Planning nature-based solutions: Principles,steps, and insights

Nature-based solutions (NBS) find increasing attention as actions to address societal challenges through harnessing ecological processes, yet knowledge gaps exist regarding approaches to landscape planning with NBS. This paper aims to provide suggestions of how planning NBS can be conceptualized and applied in practice. We develop a framework for planning NBS by merging insights from literature and a case study in the Lahn river landscape, Germany. Our framework relates to three key criteria that define NBS, and consists of six steps of planning: Co-define setting, Understand challenges, Create visions and scenarios, Assess potential impacts, Develop solution strategies, and Realize and monitor. Its implementation is guided by five principles, namely Place-specificity, Evidence base, Integration, Equity, and Transdisciplinarity. Drawing on the empirical insights from the case study, we suggest suitable methods and a checklist of supportive procedures for applying the framework in practice. Taken together, our framework can facilitate planning NBS and provides further steps towards mainstreaming.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01365-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

梁平县境内高滩河水质的空间分布及其对土地利用方式的响应

以梁平县境内高滩河流域为研究对象,综合应用GIS空间分析、Pearson相关分析和RDA冗余分析方法,研究在子流域尺度上COD、BOD5、氨氮和总磷4种水质要素对土地利用方式的生态响应。结果表明:高滩河流域土地利用类型对水质要素有着重要影响,林地能够改善河道水环境,旱地和城镇村和工矿用地是COD、BOD5和氨氮的主要污染来源,园地、交通运输用地以及水域对污染物的影响较弱,说明农业面源污染和农村居民生活污染是高滩河水质恶化的主要原因。     

流域景观格局对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响研究——以太子河山区段为例

为研究太子河山区段大型底栖动物群落结构与陆地景观因子之间的相互关系,以水生态调查和遥感解译数据为基础,采用主成分分析和回归分析的方法分析了景观格局指数与大型底栖动物群落结构指数的关系,结果表明:大型底栖动物的物种数、EPT科级分类单元数(蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目)和ASPT指数与景观聚集度指数、最大斑块指数、连通度指数呈显著正相关,与景观香农多样性指数、分离度指数、景观形状指数呈显著负相关。研究结果反映了流域景观斑块的破碎化和人为干扰会对底栖动物群落结构产生负面影响,可以指导以保护河流大型底栖动物群落为目标的流域景观格局优化。     

餐厨垃圾处理厂规划用地控制标准研究

介绍了现有规范中餐厨垃圾处理厂用地标准,分析了现有标准中处理厂分类标准以及综合用地指标等方面存在的问题,结合现状全国餐厨垃圾处理厂建设情况对处理厂处理工艺进行了分析,并重点对影响处理厂用地面积的两个核心因素——设计规模和用地指标进行了研究,从而得出科学合理的处理厂规划用地控制标准.规划新增餐厨垃圾处理厂时应采用先进工艺(如厌氧&好氧协同工艺),经分析表明应依据实际情况并参考现有工程案例的分析结果确定设计规模和用地指标.     

一种厌氧微观定量研究新方法

厌氧消化由于低成本和能源回收等优点越来越引起广泛关注.为克服现有方法研究动态厌氧过程的不足,基于微反应器和定量图像分析技术开发出一种新型的污泥层面的微观定量方法.试验首次展示了静态下颗粒污泥产气的动态过程和特点.试验结果重复性好.静态产气可分为3个阶段,分别是高速线性增加阶段、减速增加阶段和低速线性增加阶段.初始有机负荷较高时,高速线性增加阶段比较长,产气速率也比较高.结果表明,微反应器中进行厌氧产甲烷过程是可行的,该方法可靠,能够在微观层面直观地展示厌氧反应的动态过程,研究结果有利于增进对厌氧过程理解.     

自然灾害脆弱性研究进展

自然灾害风险研究是当今国际社会、学术界普遍关注的热点问题。本文在回顾国内外自然灾害脆弱性研究发展的基础上,阐述了自然灾害脆弱性的基本内涵,通过对国内外自然灾害脆弱性研究尺度、评价模型、评估方法等方面进行对比,指出国内自然灾害脆弱性研究存在的问题。同时指出未来自然灾害脆弱性研究的发展趋势应加强对人-地耦合系统的脆弱性研究,以及对其内在形成机制和发生演变规律的研究。自然灾害脆弱性研究是涉及多学科、多领域的复杂研究课题,并且呈现出多学科交融的趋势,需要综合考虑自然和社会双重因素的影响。     

工业循环冷却水系统阻垢剂研究进展

本文简介了循环冷却水系统的应用现状和面临的问题．同时论述了冷却水系统结垢的成因和阻垢的机理,并介绍了阻垢剂的发展历程、研究进展及其特点。最后总结概括了未来阻垢剂的发展趋势。     

农村环境安全评价体系研究

农村环境安全是近年来国内研究的一个新领域,研究成果对我国新农村建设具有重要的指导意义.本文在小尺度水平上,建立了农村环境安全评价体系.采用由大到小、由点到面、逐层分解的方法,把整个评价体系分3个层次,21个具体指标,强调人口素质与人均耕地2个基本要素,突出有机固体废物资源化水平和经济发展水平对农村环境安全的影响.建立的农村环境安全评价体系具有层次简单、数据容易获得、运算方便、评价结果合理等特点.     

绿色阻垢剂聚天冬氨酸的液相优化制备

在分析国外多种合成聚天冬氨酸(PASP)的方法的基础上,采用马来酸酐与氨水进行溶液聚合的方法制备聚天冬氨酸,并对产物的阻垢率、黏均相对分子质量、生物降解性等性能指标进行了评价.采用静态阻垢法评价产物的阻垢率;采用极限黏度法测定聚琥珀酰亚氨的聚合度,然后计算PASP的黏均相对分子质量;采用摇床法通过对比降解前后的COD检测PASP的生物降解性能.同时,根据性能指标的变化分别对原料的物质的量配比、聚合温度和聚合时间进行了单一条件的筛选.经实验确定的合成PASP的最佳条件是:原料物质的量配比1∶1.1,聚合温度160℃,聚合时间1 h.在此条件下合成的PASP阻垢率超过95%,生物降解性能达到70%.