废水污染物总量监测中采样方法的研究

通过对21家有代表性的废水污染源进行现场采样、排放曲线分析、采样频率优化的研究,确定总量监测中采样频率优化结果,为污染源总量控制监测提供技术指导。     

建筑塔吊临近通讯发射源及雷电感应高压电防护研究

针对塔吊的形状及结构常使其受电台电磁辐射和雷电的影响而感应高压电,创新介绍利用电路模型计算塔吊感应电压和分析感应雷过电压特点,独创性提出制作等电位圈避雷器和建立一种建筑塔吊的多频率接地装置,很好地解决了建筑塔吊因雷电和电磁波辐射感应高压电而难于防护的棘手问题,提高了建筑塔吊在雷电及电台电磁辐射环境中工作的安全性和可靠性。     

表面裂纹对Rayleigh波的滤波特性分析

摘要表面裂纹是危害很大且普遍存在的一种缺陷,严重影响到特种设备的安全运行。对表面裂纹尺寸的测量一直未得到很好的解决,由于Rayleigh波能量主要集中在深度一个波长的范围内,当传播过程中和裂纹相互作用时,其频谱会发生变化,一部分高频波将会被吸收,吸收频率的大小与裂纹的深度密切相关。此时裂纹起了一个类似低通滤波器的作用,这点对于裂纹深度检测具有指导意义。     

Deriving heart rate variability indices from cardiac monitoring—An indicator of driver sleepiness

Objective: Driver fatigue is considered to be a major contributor to road traffic crashes. Cardiac monitoring and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a candidate method for early and accurate detection of driver sleepiness. This study has 2 objectives: to evaluate the (1) suitability of different preprocessing strategies for detecting and removing outlier heartbeats and spectral transformation of HRV signals and their impact of driver sleepiness assessment and (2) relation between common HRV indices and subjective sleepiness reported by a large number of drivers in real driving situations, for the first time.

Methods: The study analyzed >3,500 5-min driving epochs from 76 drivers on a public motorway in Sweden. The electrocardiograph (ECG) data were recorded in 3 studies designed to evaluate the physiological differences between awake and sleepy drivers. The drivers reported their perceived level of sleepiness according to the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) every 5?min. Two standard methods were used for identifying outlier heartbeats: (1) percentage change (PC), where outliers were defined as interbeat intervals deviating >30% from the mean of the four previous intervals and (2) standard deviation (SD), where outliers were defined as interbeat interval deviating >4 SD from the mean interval duration in the current epoch. Three standard methods were used for spectral transformation, which is needed for deriving HRV indices in the frequency domain: (1) Fourier transform; (2) autoregressive model; and (3) Lomb-Scargle periodogram. Different preprocessing strategies were compared regarding their impact on derivation of common HRV indices and their relation to KSS data distribution, using box plots and statistical tests such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student’s t test.

Results: The ability of HRV indices to discriminate between alert and sleepy drivers does not differ significantly depending on which outlier detection and spectral transformation methods are used. As expected, with increasing sleepiness, the heart rate decreased, whereas heart rate variability overall increased. Furthermore, HRV parameters representing the parasympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system increased. An unexpected finding was that parameters representing the sympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system also increased with increasing KSS level. We hypothesize that this increment was due to stress induced by trying to avoid an incident, because the drivers were in real driving situations.

Conclusions: The association of HRV indices to KSS did not depend on the preprocessing strategy. No preprocessing method showed superiority for HRV association to driver sleepiness. This was also true for combinations of methods for frequency domain HRV indices. The results prove clear relationships between HRV indices and perceived sleepiness. Thus, HRV analysis shows promise for driver sleepiness detection.     

基于ISM的建筑施工高处坠落事故致因分析

高处坠落是建筑工程事故统计中发生频率最高的一类事故,会造成极大的人员伤害和经济损失。通过分析123例典型高处坠落事故调查报告,采用关键词检索抽取出19种导致该类事故发生的致因要素;针对一般事故和较大事故分别对致因要素发生频率进行了统计,得出一般事故中人的因素更关键,较大事故中物的因素更关键。采用ISM模型进一步分析致因要素间的作用关系,构建了7个层级的高处坠落致因要素解释结构模型;对不同层级要素进行分析,发现其与频率度量有良好的一致性,最后得出行政监管和违法承发包两个致因要素是事故发生的深层原因。     

Law of variation for low density polyethylene dust explosion with different inert gases

To reveal the effects of different inert gases on explosion characteristics during low density polyethylene (LDPE) dust explosion and optimize the explosion-proof process, eight N₂ (CO₂)/air mixed inerting conditions were experimentally studied. Typical inerting conditions with 12 L cylindrical explosive tank were used to study the characteristics on the flame propagation. The thermogravimetric analysis with related theories were used to further explain the mechanism and quantities in low density polyethylene (LDPE) dust explosion with different inert gases. The results showed that the reduction of O₂ concentration could effectively delay the progress of flame growth process and weaken the effect of dust combustion reaction. The flame growth process of condition (N₂/air (18% O₂)) was 2.05 times slower than that of the non-inert condition. The explosion strength was obviously reduced, and the characteristic parameters such as explosion pressure and flame propagation speed were also affected by the decrease of O₂ concentration. For LDPE powder, the smaller the median diameter, the greater the explosion intensity and the lower the limiting oxygen content (LOC). The LOC with CO₂ was usually higher than that with N₂ and the effect of CO₂ was significantly better than N₂ in inerting.     

On the gains of committing to inefficiency: Corruption, deforestation and low land productivity in Latin America

We present a new explanation and empirical evidence showing that rural subsidies to large farmers tend to be associated with low land productivity and excessive deforestation. We develop a lobbying model where wealthy farmers trade bribes or political contributions to government politicians in exchange for subsidies; farmers are able to tilt the terms of the bargaining game with policy makers in their favor by pre-committing to an inefficient choice of semi-fixed inputs. Government proneness to accept political contributions or bribes and its willingness to provide subsidies cause farmers to adopt inefficient modes of production as a mechanism to capture such subsidies. Our predictions are consistent with stylized facts on land use in Latin America, and suggest that subsidy schemes have been counterproductive—distorting and constraining development, and triggering excessive depletion of natural resources. We validate some of the predictions of the model through econometric analyses using a new data set for nine countries in Latin America.     

广东省雾霾天气能见度的时空特征分析Ⅰ:季节变化

雾霾已经成为一种新的气象及环境灾害性现象,分析雾霾天气下低能见度的时空分布特征,对掌握雾霾的发生规律和减灾预报具有重要意义。文章利用1980—2003年广东省沿海地区26个地面气象观测站23年的气象观测资料,分析了广东省雾霾天气下能见度的时空分布特征。分析结果发现,1980—2003年广东地区雾霾天气下能见度的季节变化规律与雾天气时能见度的季节变化规律大体一致,即广东地区低能见度天气主要受雾天气的影响;另一方面,雾、霾天气时能见度的季节变化规律有很大不同,雾天气时能见度观测值在冬、春两季相对较高,最低值出现在3月份,最高值出现在9月份,其年变化表现为峰—谷型、稳定型和不规则波动型三种变化;霾天气时能见度的值在秋、冬两季相对较高,最低值出现在6月份,而且在5、6、7三个月中能见度值都很低;受广东沿海地形特征影响,雾天能见度的空间分布从西到东呈低—高—低—高的波列状分布,而霾天气时能见度的空间分布则没有明显的区域差异。     

用同位素标记LZF—1 DNA指纹探针进行人的DNA指纹分析

同位素γ－32P－ATP对LZF－1DNA指纹探针作5＇末端标记后，检测成都地区人群中84名随机个体的DNA指纹，获得了清晰易辨的具有高度个体特异性的DNA指纹图谱．谱带平均数为17．667条，平均等位基因频率为0．167，探针的鉴别机率为4．862×10－10．表明LZF－1DNA指纹探针完全达到了法医学检验中鉴别个体的目的．     

锅炉变频调速给水系统节能作用分析

变频调速在锅炉给水系统中应用，可以调节给水流量，降低能耗，减少厂用电压波动，减轻工人的劳动强度，降低操作机构的维修费用。