城市垃圾填埋场植树造林试验研究

通过在青岛湖岛垃圾场的现场试验,研究了城市垃圾填埋场上植树造林的方法、适宜树种的筛选以及影响树木成活和生长发育的主要因素。结果指出,垃圾中有机质发酵所产生的甲烷气体是抑制树木成活和生长的关键因素。覆土层除为树木提供支持和生存环境外,还能阻挡甲烷气体的逸出,因此,土层越厚,越有利于树木成活和生长。还对18种木本植物对甲烷气体的耐性进行了筛选。      

马尾松苗期体内铝离子存在方式、形态和分布

本文用溶液培养方法研究铝在马尾松幼苗体内的存在方式、形态及其分布。结果表明,①松苗吸收的铝主要积累于根部,只有较少量的铝转移至地上部分;②针叶内铝离子主要以束缚态的方式存在,根内束缚态与自由态的存在比例大致相当;③铝离子在表面自由空间大部分以三价铝离子的形态存在,其中针叶内约占63～85％,根内占41—67％;④铝离子在根组织内的含量以外皮层为最高,中柱最低,呈现为从内向外增多的分布状态.     

铝处理马尾松对高温、低温、干旱和SO2的抗性研究

马尾松在不同浓度铝溶液(0、30、60、120、240、480ppm)中生长两个月后,转移至高温、低温、干旱或SO₂熏气罩中,结果发现,经过铝培养松苗的膜透性显著高于未经过铝培养松苗的膜透性,且铝浓度越大,膜透性越大,表明铝处理马尾松对高温、低温、干旱和SO₂的抵抗性降低.300ppb的SO₂熏气30h后,未经铝培养的松苗没有明显受害症状出现,而经过铝培养的松苗却表现出针叶发黄、叶缘和叶尖出现明显可见伤害斑点等SO₂受害症状,高温、低温和干旱处理的主要症状表现为针叶发黄、萎蔫。     

Application of CCME Water Quality Index to Monitor Water Quality: A Case Study of the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada

All six ecosystem initiatives evolved from many years of federal, provincial, First Nation, local government and community attention to the stresses on sensitive habitats and species, air and water quality, and the consequent threats to community livability. This paper assesses water quality aspect for the ecosystem initiatives and employs newly developed Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) which provides a convenient mean of summarizing complex water quality data that can be easily understood by the public, water distributors, planners, managers and policy makers. The CCME WQI incorporates three elements: Scope – the number of water quality parameters (variables) not meeting water quality objectives (F ₁); Frequency – the number of times the objectives are not met (F ₂); and Amplitude. the extent to which the objectives are not met (F ₃). The index produces a number between 0 (worst) to 100 (best) to reflect the water quality. This study evaluates water quality of the Mackenzie – Great Bear sub-basin by employing two modes of objective functions (threshold values): one based on the CCME water quality guidelines and the other based on site-specific values that were determined by the statistical analysis of the historical data base. Results suggest that the water quality of the Mackenzie-Great Bear sub-basin is impacted by high turbidity and total (mostly particulate) trace metals due to high suspended sediment loads during the open water season. Comments are also provided on water quality and human health issues in the Mackenzie basin based on the findings and the usefulness of CCME water quality guidelines and site specific values.     

建筑施工现场危险区域主客观双线路风险评估研究

危险源是危险区域分析的基础,在国家强调工业安全的背景下,建筑工程施工现场危险区域的安全管理显得尤为重要,但目前相关领域缺乏系统的识别方法与评估框架.在考虑危险区域的阶段性与空间性的基础上,将主客观双线路评估应用于建筑施工现场危险区域的风险评估.主观路线采用失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法实施,并利用综合加权模糊TOP...     

油页岩干馏炼油环境风险评价研究

以某油页岩干馏炼油项目为实例,进行了环境空气的定量环境风险评价,包括环境风险识别、源项分析、后果计算、风险计算和评价、风险管理等主要内容,提出了环境风险评价的重点,指出了环境风险评价与安全评价各自的侧重点,对后果计算的应用和物质风险识别采用的标准等方面提出了相应意见。     

土壤酸化对油松生长的影响

褐色森林土酸化后,pH值下降,同时淋溶出大量Al离子和Mn离子。播种在酸化土壤中的油松种子萌发率稍有提高。生长在酸化土壤的油松苗的叶绿素含量,蒸腾强度,光合速率,相对生长率和干重均下降,原因是Al离子和Mn离子对油松的有毒害作用,并且阻止油松对钙离子和镁离子的吸收。表3参12     

Transportation fuel production by combination of LDPE thermal cracking and catalytic hydroreforming

Fuel production from plastics is a promising way to reduce landfilling rates while obtaining valuable products. The usage of Ni-supported hierarchical Beta zeolite (h-Beta) for the hydroreforming of the oils coming from LDPE thermal cracking has proved to produce high selectivities to gasoline and diesel fuels (>80%). In the present work, the effect of the Ni loading on Ni/h-Beta is investigated in the hydroreforming of the oils form LDPE thermal cracking. h-Beta samples were impregnated with Ni nitrate, calcined and reduced in H₂ up to 550 °C to achieve different Ni contents: 1.5%, 4%, 7% and 10%. Larger and more easily reducible metal particles were obtained on Ni 7%/h-Beta and Ni 10%/h-Beta. Hydroreforming tests were carried out in autoclave reactor at 310 °C, under 20 bar H₂, for 45 min. Ni content progressively increased the amount of gases at the expenses of diesel fractions, while gasoline remained approximately constant about 52–54%. Maximum selectivity to automotive fuels (～81%) was obtained with Ni 7%/h-Beta. Ni loading also enhanced olefins saturation up to Ni 7%/h-Beta. High cetane indices (71–86) and octane numbers (89–91) were obtained over all the catalysts. Regarding the different studied Ni contents, Ni 7%/h-Beta constitutes a rather promising catalyst for obtaining high quality fuels from LDPE thermal cracking oils.     

Effects of landscape transformation on bird colonization and extinction patterns in a large‐scale,long‐term natural experiment

Conversion of agricultural land to forest plantations is a major driver of global change. Studies on the impact of forest plantations on biodiversity in plantations and in the surrounding native vegetation have been inconclusive. Consequently, it is not known how to best manage the extensive areas of the planet currently covered by plantations. We used a novel, long‐term (16 years) and large‐scale (30,000 ha) landscape transformation natural experiment (the Nanangroe experiment, Australia) to test the effects of land conversion on population dynamics of 64 bird species associated with woodland and forest. A unique aspect of our study is that we focused on the effects of plantations on birds in habitat patches within plantations. Our study design included 56 treatment sites (Eucalyptus patches where the surrounding matrix was converted from grazed land to pine plantations), 55 control sites (Eucalyptus patches surrounded by grazed land), and 20 matrix sites (sites within the pine plantations and grazed land). Bird populations were studied through point counts, and colonization and extinction patterns were inferred through multiple season occupancy models. Large‐scale pine plantation establishment affected the colonization or extinction patterns of 89% of studied species and thus led to a comprehensive turnover in bird communities inhabiting Eucalyptus patches embedded within the maturing plantations. Smaller bodied species appeared to respond positively to plantations (i.e., colonization increased and extirpation of these species decreased in patches surrounded by plantations) because they were able to use the newly created surrounding matrix. We found that the effects of forest plantations affected the majority of the bird community, and we believe these effects could lead to the artificial selection of one group of species at the expense of another.     

Ultrasound assisted biogas production from landfill leachate

The aim of this study is to increase biogas production and methane yield from landfill leachate in anaerobic batch reactors by using low frequency ultrasound as a pretreatment step. In the first part of the study, optimum conditions for solubilization of organic matter in leachate samples were investigated using various sonication durations at an ultrasound frequency of 20 kHz. The level of organic matter solubilization during ultrasonic pretreatment experiments was determined by calculating the ratio of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) to total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD). The sCOD/tCOD ratio was increased from 47% in raw leachate to 63% after 45 min sonication at 600 W/l. Non-parametric Friedman’s test indicated that ultrasonic pretreatment has a significant effect on sCOD parameter for leachate (p < 0.05). In the second part of the study, anaerobic batch reactors were operated for both ultrasonically pretreated and untreated landfill leachate samples in order to assess the effect of sonication on biogas and methane production rate. In anaerobic batch reactor feed with ultrasonically pretreated leachate, 40% more biogas was obtained compared to the control reactor. For statistical analysis, Mann–Whitney U test was performed to compare biogas and methane production rates for raw and pretreated leachate samples and it has been found that ultrasonic pretreatment significantly enhanced biogas and methane production rates from leachate (p < 0.05) in anaerobic batch reactors. The overall results showed that low frequency ultrasound pretreatment can be potentially used for wastewater management especially with integration of anaerobic processes.