新型动态针捕集阱技术分析大气中低浓度的VOCs

本研究针对大气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度低,难于分析等特点,以Carboxen 1000作为吸附剂,制作一种新型动态针捕集阱（needle trap）装置,可用于主动富集大气中低浓度VOCs.该装置与气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用,操作简单、无需溶剂、容易定性定量.选择空气中苯系物（BTEX）为目标化合物,对needle trap装置从设计原理到实际应用进行了详细分析,将萃取条件与穿透体积等实验条件进行优化,建立了needle trap吸附提取空气中BTEX的最佳条件.结果表明,方法检出限低至0.05ng·mL-1,加标回收率为86.5%～110.5%,符合外场采样要求.     

青海湖水化学的季节性和空间变化及其受自生碳酸盐沉淀的影响

青海湖湖水季节性和空间上的变化特征对青海湖沉积物中自生碳酸盐形成过程及环境意义的理解、湖泊的演变趋势具有重要的指导意义。本文通过沉积物捕获器采集了为期一年每月一次的青海湖季节性的湖水,并采集了青海湖和周围子湖空间分布上的湖水样品。对季节性样品阳离子的分析显示,青海湖湖水中的阳离子在旱季（12月至次年4月）达到最高值,在雨季逐渐降低。湖水的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺从2—3月份逐步降低,表明自生碳酸盐开始沉淀,并且在雨季来临时沉淀持续大量发生,而在雨季后期,则可能发生含Mg碳酸盐的部分溶解。空间分布的样品分析显示,青海湖可能经历了太阳湖和月牙湖的水化学阶段,在未来的演变过程中,湖水的Ca²⁺和Sr²⁺受自生碳酸盐沉淀的控制而保持基本稳定,Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺则将持续增加,其水化学将朝着当前海晏湾,并进一步朝尕海湖水的方向演变。本文的研究还进一步暗示了在长时间尺度上自生碳酸盐形成对气候变化的可能响应。     

颗粒物捕集器在港口疏浚监测中的应用

颗粒物捕集器技术首次应用到港口疏浚监测中，通过对现场疏浚悬浮颗粒物的监测以及对生物的急性半致死浓度的模拟实验研究，建立了一套较完整的疏浚监测系统和技术，可以更有效和直观地反映疏浚过程中对养殖海区生物的影响。现场调查和实验结果表明：在疏浚区和养殖区交界处疏浚悬浮物在海水表面的垂直通量为１２．６８ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２．ｄ），中层为２５．４１ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２．ｄ）；在养殖中心区表层为７．５８ｍｇ／（ｃｍ＾２     

Optimization of the ionization conditions for the trace analysis of PCDD/PCDF with ion trap MS/MS

Commercial ion trap mass spectrometer provides easy-to-operate MS/MS analysis for the determination of PCDD/PCDF. The limit of quantification is appropriately low (0.2 pg for 23478-P5CDF) because all the stages are performed in the trap and sample losses associated with the ion transportation are minimized. However, if excessive ions are injected into the trap, its electrical fields are distorted and an overall reduction in performance arises. Ionization condition is an important parameter as it affects the amount of the total ions produced. If the amount of interfering compounds are negligible, such as standard solution or cleaned-up sample, lower ionization condition (e.g. electron energy: 30 eV, emission current (EC): 150 μA) is preferable. On the contrary, in case excessive interfering ions are coexisting with PCDD/PCDF, such as crude extract or semi-cleaned-up sample, the ionization condition should be high (e.g. electron energy: 90 eV, EC: 350 μA) for the reproductive quantification.     

Creation of a Gilded Trap by the High Economic Value of the Maine Lobster Fishery

Abstract: Unsustainable fishing simplifies food chains and, as with aquaculture, can result in reliance on a few economically valuable species. This lack of diversity may increase risks of ecological and economic disruptions. Centuries of intense fishing have extirpated most apex predators in the Gulf of Maine (United States and Canada), effectively creating an American lobster (Homarus americanus) monoculture. Over the past 20 years, the economic diversity of marine resources harvested in Maine has declined by almost 70%. Today, over 80% of the value of Maine's fish and seafood landings is from highly abundant lobsters. Inflation‐corrected income from lobsters in Maine has steadily increased by nearly 400% since 1985. Fisheries managers, policy makers, and fishers view this as a success. However, such lucrative monocultures increase the social and ecological consequences of future declines in lobsters. In southern New England, disease and stresses related to increases in ocean temperature resulted in more than a 70% decline in lobster abundance, prompting managers to propose closing that fishery. A similar collapse in Maine could fundamentally disrupt the social and economic foundation of its coast. We suggest the current success of Maine's lobster fishery is a gilded trap. Gilded traps are a type of social trap in which collective actions resulting from economically attractive opportunities outweigh concerns over associated social and ecological risks or consequences. Large financial gain creates a strong reinforcing feedback that deepens the trap. Avoiding or escaping gilded traps requires managing for increased biological and economic diversity. This is difficult to do prior to a crisis while financial incentives for maintaining the status quo are large. The long‐term challenge is to shift fisheries management away from single species toward integrated social‐ecological approaches that diversify local ecosystems, societies, and economies.     

Reducing the Maladaptive Attractiveness of Solar Panels to Polarotactic Insects

Abstract: Human‐made objects (e.g., buildings with glass surfaces) can reflect horizontally polarized light so strongly that they appear to aquatic insects to be bodies of water. Insects that lay eggs in water are especially attracted to such structures because these insects use horizontal polarization of light off bodies of water to find egg‐laying sites. Thus, these sources of polarized light can become ecological traps associated with reproductive failure and mortality in organisms that are attracted to them and by extension with rapid population declines or collapse. Solar panels are a new source of polarized light pollution. Using imaging polarimetry, we measured the reflection–polarization characteristics of different solar panels and in multiple‐choice experiments in the field we tested their attractiveness to mayflies, caddis flies, dolichopodids, and tabanids. At the Brewster angle, solar panels polarized reflected light almost completely (degree of polarization d ≈100%) and substantially exceeded typical polarization values for water (d ≈30–70%). Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Trichoptera), dolichopodid dipterans, and tabanid flies (Tabanidae) were the most attracted to solar panels and exhibited oviposition behavior above solar panels more often than above surfaces with lower degrees of polarization (including water), but in general they avoided solar cells with nonpolarizing white borders and white grates. The highly and horizontally polarizing surfaces that had nonpolarizing, white cell borders were 10‐ to 26‐fold less attractive to insects than the same panels without white partitions. Although solar panels can act as ecological traps, fragmenting their solar‐active area does lessen their attractiveness to polarotactic insects. The design of solar panels and collectors and their placement relative to aquatic habitats will likely affect populations of aquatic insects that use polarized light as a behavioral cue.     

吹扫捕集-GC/MS-SIM法测定海水中挥发性有机污染物

采用吹扫捕集 -GC/MS -SIM法测定水中挥发性有机物 ,具有定量准确、操作简便等特点 ,检测限可达ng/L级 ,适合环境水中低浓度挥发性有机物的测定。测定实际海水样品 ,其浓度范围在 0 4ng/L～ 1 0 0 0ng/L之间。     

吹脱捕集GC/FID法测定海河水中挥发性有机物

采用吹脱捕集GC/FID法对海河干流水中挥发性有机物进行定性、定量分析。共检测出 39种挥发性有机物 ,不同化合物的回收率为 84 2 %～ 143 2 % ,相对偏差为 1 5 %～ 9 6 %。当水样体积为 2 5mL时 ,方法检测限为 0 0 0 1μg/L～ 0 4μg/L。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法测定地表水中12种氯苯类有机物

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱联用法测定地表水中的12种氯苯类有机污染物,特别是一些半挥发性的多氯苯化合物如五氯苯、六氯苯等。在室温下分析时,当进样体积为25.0 mL,吹扫时间为11 min,解析时间为3 min,采用全扫描方式定量分析时,方法检出限为0.02~1.50μg/L。不同浓度水平的加标回收率为86.0%~113%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~17.5%;实际样品加标回收率为84.4%~119%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~18.9%。该法具有简便高效、灵敏度高、有机溶剂用量少等优点,适用于饮用水和地表水中氯苯类化合物的测定,并为突发性环境污染事件氯苯类有机物的快速响应提供了一种快速有效的检测方法。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定硝基苯类化合物的曲线选择

采用四极杆质谱和离子阱质谱,分别测定硝基苯类化合物,进行曲线的拟合。对结果详细分析并探讨2种质谱仪在分析硝基苯类化合物时的异同。结果表明,二次曲线比一次曲线更加适用,离子阱质谱的线性全面优于四极杆质谱。