国土空间规划管制与区域经济协调发展研究—一个分析框架

厘清国土空间规划管制与区域经济协调发展之间的关系,是我国国土空间规划管制有效开展的重要前提。论文主要结合国内外最新的实证研究文献,在国土空间规划管制对区域经济协调发展影响的“表现形式—作用机理—协调机制”这一逻辑框架下,分析了国土空间规划管制与区域经济协调发展的关联机理。研究结果表明：1）国土空间规划管制影响区域经济协调发展主要表现在发展受限制区域的土地产权受到抑制和资源环境保护的外部性未能有效地内在化;2）国土空间规划管制影响区域经济协调发展的作用机制在于保护型区域生产的生态产品可贸易性较差,使其落入比较优势陷阱;3）国土空间规划管制下的区域经济协调机制主要包括土地发展权漂移、税费调节和地役权保护。从理论和实践上来看,空间规划管制从诞生起,就面临效率的争议,但在资源环境保护的巨大压力之下,国土空间规划管制在实践层面又非不可调和,关键在于区域经济协调机制的设计。这对我国在建立“多规合一”的国土空间规划体系的时代背景下,为避免新的区域经济协调发展问题具有重要的政策含义。     

AN INDEX OF STORED FINE SEDIMENT IN GRAVEL BEDDED STREAMS1

An index of sediments less than 0.3 mm stored in the top layer of small streams was estimated by disturbing a fixed area for 2 minutes and catching the resultant sediment drift in downstream traps. The method was used in 24 small northern California streams and was tested by releasing known amounts and sizes of sediments in controlled trails. Field use showed general agreement with an exponential model of decrease in sediment trapped vs. distance. Sites in distrubed reaches (watersheds logged with no streamside buffers or with buffers less than 30 m) had higher indices of stored sediment than control sites. Estimates from controlled trials averaged 7.5 percent higher than actual losses for composite size classes ≤ 0.3 mm, 19.7 percent higher than actual losses for just the ≤ 0.125 mm class, and 15.2 percent for all 14 trials. The method is relatively simple and suitable for remote locations, particularly in studies comparing many small streams.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中四氢呋喃

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱测定水中四氢呋喃的方法,不用有机溶剂萃取和浓缩,减少了损失和对环境的污染,具有灵敏度高、检出限低、定量准确、操作简便等特点。当进样量为5 mL时,检出限可达到0.18μg/L级,相对标准偏差为0.9%-4.0%,加标回收率在77.2%-100.8%之间。     

Plant uptake and transport models for neutral and ionic chemicals

BACKGROUND: Models for predicting uptake and transport of chemicals in plants are applied in pesticide design, risk assessment, and environmental biotechnology. OBJECTIVE: This review considers the theoretical basics of the most popular models, and discusses what they have in common. The line is drawn between models for neutral compounds, and models for weak and strong electrolytes. MAIN FEATURES: Neutral Compounds. Neutral compounds undergo only very few processes inside plants (lipophilic interactions, metabolism), in contrast to weak electrolytes. The models developed for neutral compounds are widely applied in the risk assessment of environmental contaminants, but are not of much use for weak electrolytes, such as pesticides. Weak electrolytes. A very important process for weak electrolytes is the 'ion trap', which traps chemicals that dissociate inside plant cells. This is considered in the popular models of Kleier, Satchivi and Briggs. Other relevant processes for electrolytes are electrophilic interactions, speciation and complex formation. None of the currently used models considers these processes. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of models for neutral compounds is satisfactory, but the prediction of electrolyte behavior inside plants is still quite difficult due to gaps in knowledge.     

疏水阀对于改善环境的作用

工业企业中蒸汽的泄漏不仅大大增加了企业的能耗．也对周围的环境和安全造成了很大影响，最基本和有效的解决方法是正确的选用和安装疏水阀，本文较系统的介绍了疏水阀的类型、工作原理、选用原则和安装要求。     

Control of diesel soot and NOx emissions with a particulate trap and EGR

The exhaust gas recirculation(EGR), coupled with a high-collection efficiency particulate trap to simultaneously control smoke and NOx emissions from diesel engines were studied. This ceramic trap developed previously provided the soot cleaning efficiency of 99%, the regeneration efficiency reaches 80% and the ratio of success reaches 97%, which make EGR used in diesel possible. At the presence of EGR, opening of the regeneration control valve of the trap was over again optimized to compensate for the decrease of the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas resulted from EGR. The results indicated the cleaning efficiency and regeneration performance of the trap were maintained at the same level except that the back pressure increased faster. A new EGR system was developed, which is based on a wide range oxygen(UEGO) sensor. Experiments were carded out under steady state conditions while maintaining the engine speed at 1600 r/min, setting the engine loads at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%respectively. Throughout each test the EGR rate was kept at nine different settings and data were taken with the gas analyzer and UEGO sensor. Then, the EGR rate and engine load maps, which showed the tendencies of NOx, CO and HC emissions from diesel engine,were made using the measured data. Using the maps, the author set up the EGR regulation, the relationship between the optimal amounts of EGR flow and the equivalence ratio, σ, where σ = 14.5/AFR.     

贫困的“物以类聚”：中国的农村空间贫困陷阱及其识别

理解贫困陷阱及其成因是理解减贫机制,进而理解贫困治理的基础。早期的实证研究注重从收入的角度研究农村贫困,较新的研究开始关注“空间外部性”对农村贫困的影响。然而,要正确识别农村的“贫困陷阱”,就需要对上述两个维度同时进行解释。鉴于此,运用中国县级层面的面板数据,从聚集与持久两个维度对中国的农村贫困陷阱进行了识别。研究结果表明：2006—2016年,中国农村的贫困空间格局几乎没有变化,并且贫困的空间分布与经济增长也并非是同步的,贫困县的分布主要与地形（坡度、海拔）因素有关;进一步研究还发现,中国的农村贫困具有持久性,贫困县收入存在低水平的均衡,贫困县与非贫困县之间存在收入的“俱乐部收敛”。本文揭示了空间外部性与农村贫困之间的关系,为正确评估经济发展与扶贫开发,合理制定区域反贫困瞄准机制提供了支持。     

燃用生物柴油对采用CRPT技术的柴油机微粒粒子数浓度和PAHs排放的影响

微粒和PAHs是柴油机排放污染物的重要组成部分,为揭示燃用生物柴油（biodiesel,下称BD）与采用CRPT（连续再生微粒捕集系统,continuous regeneration particulate traps system）技术后对柴油机排放中微粒粒子数浓度和PAHs组分质量的影响规律,利用内燃机综合测试台架对3台排量不同的柴油机进行微粒以及PAHs测试,研究不同微粒粒径对应的粒子数浓度变化规律以及PAHs各组分的质量变化规律.结果表明:①燃用BD对柴油机微粒排放中的聚集态粒子数浓度和总质量影响较大,对核态粒子数浓度影响不大,其中,聚集态粒子总质量降幅最大可达97.04%,粒子数浓度最大降幅从109 m-3降至106 m-3,而核态粒子数浓度变化不大,但粒子数比例有明显的上升,最大升幅为51.50%.②燃用BD对微粒排放中不同粒径粒子数浓度的影响导致CRPT技术条件下微粒质量捕集效率下降,最大降幅达21.10%.③PAHs总质量排放有明显下降,3台柴油机最大降幅分别为92.95%、91.78%和92.70%.但各组分呈现变化不一致现象,类似于二苯并蒽等部分组分质量下降幅度均达到100%,而和苯并蒽的质量均不降反升,其中的质量占燃用BD30后的多环芳香烃质量的50%左右.研究显示,采用"BD+CRPT"技术,柴油机微粒排放控制焦点应集中在核态微粒,PAHs排放的控制还应侧重于考虑和苯并蒽.      

吹脱捕集气相色谱法分析水中挥发性卤代烃

建立了吹脱捕集气相色谱法测定水中7种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。对色谱条件、吹脱时间、实验用水等进行了探讨,同时对分析参数如线性相关性、相对标准偏差、最低检出限及加标回收率进行了评价。结果表明,采用吹脱捕集气相色谱法,在1.0μg/L～20.0μg/L范围内,7种卤代烃的质量浓度和峰面积呈良好的线性关系;10.0μg/L的7种挥发性卤代烃标准溶液经重复7次测定,其相对标准偏差为1.30%～8.71%;水样的加标回收率在86.3%～110%之间;最低检出限在0.17μg/L～0.96μg/L之间,该方法已成功地应用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性卤代烃的定性定量测定,结果令人满意。     

From IBM to IPM: Using individual-based models to design the spatial arrangement of traps and crops in integrated pest management strategies

The development of alternative pest-control strategies based on the spatial design of cropping systems requires a thorough understanding of the spatial links between the pest and its environment. Mechanistic models, especially individual-based models (IBMs), are powerful tools for integrating key behaviours, such as habitat selection and dispersal, with spatial heterogeneity. In this paper, we used an IBM calibrated and evaluated from real data to represent the spatial dynamics of the banana weevil in relation to the cropping system. We considered crop fragmentation and mass trapping as tools for suppressing pest numbers. Our simulation results showed that manipulating crop residues in the area surrounding each pheromone trap greatly improved trap efficiency. For an intensive banana plantation in fallow, traps were most effective when situated at the transition zone between banana area and fallow so as to maximize the trapping of weevils escaping the fallow. The model also showed that weevil numbers decreased when fragmentation of banana plantations was reduced.