长江中游地区生态系统服务价值空间分异及敏感性分析

生态系统功能的不断退化是人类当前面临的一个共同挑战,是全球可持续发展研究的焦点问题。长江中游地区生态环境保护对于构建中国生态安全格局具有重要作用,为了深入分析长江中游地区土地利用活动对生态系统功能的干扰程度,基于长江中游地区生态系统服务价值评价结果,采用土地利用变化生态贡献度和生态系统服务价值敏感性方法进行测度。研究结果表明：（1）研究期间长江中游地区地均生态系统服务价值经历了“先增加后降低”的变化过程,山区地均生态系统服务价值高于平原地区、城市群地区、大城市周边县区以及主要交通道路沿线地区,长江中游地区生态系统服务价值总体变化呈现“两纵三横”的空间分布格局;（2）1995-2015年间退耕还林、还水、还湿是长江中游地区生态系统改善的主要原因,毁林开荒、围湖造田以及建设用地对林地和耕地的占用是长江中游地区生态系统恶化的主要原因;（3）食物生产、原材料生产、气体调节、土壤保持和维持生物多样性等五种类型生态系统功能敏感性有所增加,其他类型生态系统功能敏感性逐渐减弱。研究结果可为长江中游地区生态环境保护,保障生态系统服务各项子功能的持续供给提供科学指导。     

长江中游流域自然环境的对称性及其对区域经济发展的影响

长江中游流域的区域地貌、水利特征以及自然环境的演化过程，均表现为明显的轴对称特点，对称轴为南北向的幕阜山-罗霄山山脉。而分属于长江中游流域洞庭湖和鄱阳湖流域的湖南省和江西省两省的区域社会和经济发展也具有相似的对称性。不仅表现为主要城市的地理位置呈轴对称分布，其经济和社会发展程度，以及在省内所处的地位，也呈对称性。自然环境的对称分布对区域经济和社会的对称性发展有重要影响，从对称性观点出发，武汉、长沙、南昌三个大城市正好位于对称三角形的顶点，可构成中国中部的经济金三角，其形成和发展对中部崛起具有非常重要的意义；湖南、江西两省自然环境的对称性，决定了两省经济发展的可比性，两省的经济和社会发展应互相参考、互相借鉴、共谋发展战略。长江中游自然环境的对称性是由区域地质构造和构造运动控制的。     

Public Water Sources in Rural Watersheds of Nepal’s Middle Mountains: Issues and Constraints

Inadequacy and poor quality of water supply for domestic purposes is increasingly becoming a concern in rural catchments of the Middle Mountains of Nepal. Water quantity is an issue in pocket areas of these catchments, while water quality is subject to concern in most of the water sources. Microbiological contamination in particular poses a risk to human health. In addition, sediment pollution during the monsoon season is perceived as an issue by the local residents. Elevated phosphate and nitrate levels in many water sources indicate intensive interaction with surface water hailing from agricultural areas and human settlements. These water quantity and quality concerns in two watersheds of Nepal, the Jhikhu Khola and the Yarsha Khola watersheds, are not isolated cases. Similar problems are reported from other watersheds monitored under the People and Resource Dynamics in Mountain Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (PARDYP) project in China, India, and Pakistan and the literature of this region.     

长江中游江西江段防洪干堤基础水患灾害致灾机制分析

江西长江防洪干堤修筑在九江－黄梅平原第上系冲积层之上。作者通过对长江沿岸（江西段南岸）环境地质调查，依据大量的钻探工程资料，基本查明了防洪干堤基础工程地质条件，并对于堤形成水患灾害的类型、分布特征和致灾机制进行了综合分析，从而为今后防洪减灾提供了基础性地质依据。     

中低产水稻土障碍类型图编制雏议——以广东博罗县龙溪镇为例

中低产水稻土障碍类型图是通过各种不同形状的图斑与符号,反映区域内中低产水稻土的障碍因素、土壤环境、土壤物理和土壤化学性质的空间分布状况。本文是编制1:5万中低产水稻土障碍类型图的初步偿试。通过对37个具有代表性的中低产水稻土障碍性剖面的实地勘查、119个样品的理化分析结果,以及参考有关的图件资料,运用野外考察及室内分析的方法进行制图。该障碍类型图,可为区域中低产水稻土的改良利用提供科学依据。     

上海市部分中学环境质量状况

根据1984年9月至1990年2月对全市具有一定代表性的10余所中学的噪声和大气环境质量调查结果,分别作出初步评价,并提出若干防治措施和建议。     

长江中游江西江段(上段)防洪干堤基础环境地质问题浅析

江西连年来发生水患灾害，在全国属较为严重的省份之一。在每年汛期（4～8月）为水患灾害发生的高峰期。长江中游江西江段是江西防洪的 主要地带，近年来由于该段防洪干堤经第一、第二期修堤工程，坝体稳固，虽然1998年、1999年长江大水没有造成溃堤，但潜在的水患地质灾害仍是非常严重。作者通过对野外实地进行调查，访问，对防洪干堤隐伏的工程地质问题进行了初步分析。     

中学环境教育和STS实验

本文简要地分析了环境教育难于深入开展的原因，介绍了成功的教育方法－－集中实施法，指出借鉴STS思想，在中学理科教改中来实施环境教育是今后的方向。     

Planning & urban change in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has undergone revolutionary change to its economy since 1973, followed more recently by serious economic problems. The largely peripheral effects of urban planning upon the transformation of Jeddah from medieval town to international city are considered. The main urban problems and opportunities facing the city are identified, and the paper concludes with a question against the relevance of ‘Western’ notions of planning to another culture undergoing dynamic urban change.     

Measuring Suspended‐Sediment Concentration and Turbidity in the Middle Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers Using Landsat Data

The Middle Mississippi River (MMR) and lower Missouri River (MOR) provide critical navigation waterways, ecological habitat, and flood conveyance. They are also directly linked to processes affecting geomorphic and ecological conditions in the lower MR and Delta. For this study, a method was developed to measure suspended‐sediment concentration (SSC) and turbidity along the MMR and the lower MOR using Landsat imagery. Data from nine United States Geological Survey water‐quality monitoring stations were used to create a model‐development dataset and a model‐validation dataset. Concurrent gaging data were identified for available Landsat images to generate the datasets. Surface‐reflectance filters were developed to eliminate images with cirrus cloud coverage or vessel traffic. Using the filtered model‐development dataset, unique reflectance‐SSC and reflectance‐turbidity models were developed for three Landsat sensors: Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus, and Landsat 4–5 Thematic Mapper. Coefficient of determination values for the models ranged from 0.72 to 0.88 for the model‐development dataset. The model‐validation dataset was used to evaluate the performance of the models and had coefficient of determination values ranging from 0.62 to 0.79.