近60a来中国洪涝灾情变化趋势持续性和周期性研究

本文利用Hurst指数和小波分析工具对洪涝灾情的1950~2010年的变化动态作了分析,揭示了灾情序列的趋势持续性、特征时间尺度、周期特征和突变点,同时还定性地预测了洪涝灾情的未来走势。研究结果发现:1)根据Hurst指数计算结果,受灾面积时间序列的Hurst指数为0.9338,具有很强的正持续性。未来有进一步增加的趋势。因灾死亡人口数时间序列的Hurst指数为0.4845,具有很弱的反持续性。而房屋倒塌间数时间序列的Hurst指数为0.6124,具有较弱的正持续性,未来有较弱的减少趋势。2)小波分析方法具有较好时空域特性,可以描述洪涝灾害灾情变化的多尺度特征,将隐含在灾情序列中随时间变化的周期震荡显现出来,并确定灾情序列中的突变点位置,为深入探索中国洪涝灾害的时空复杂性提供了全新的理论工具。3)中国洪涝灾害灾情都存在多时间尺度特征,不同的时间尺度表现为不同的循环交替,大尺度的周期变化嵌套着小尺度的周期变化。总体上表现为由小尺度的震荡剧烈,没有明显的规律到大尺度出现明显规律后继续增强或先升后降。4)60 a来,中国洪涝灾害受害面积总体上保持着增加的趋势。在9 a和25 a上分别存在着第1和第2主周期。中国洪涝灾害因灾死亡人口总体上保持着明显减少的趋势。在8 a和18 a上分别存在着第1和第2主周期。中国洪涝灾害倒塌房屋总数总体上保持着减少的趋势。在8 a、17 a和25 a上分别存在着第1、第2和第3主周期。     

Removal of arsenate with hydrous ferric oxide coprecipitation：Effect of humic acid

Insights from the adverse effect of humic acid(HA) on arsenate removal with hydrous ferric oxide(HFO) coprecipitation can further our understanding of the fate of As(V) in water treatment process. The motivation of our study is to explore the competitive adsorption mechanisms of humic acid and As(V) on HFO on the molecular scale. Multiple complementary techniques were used including macroscopic adsorption experiments, surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) spectroscopy, flow-cell attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) measurement, and charge distribution multisite complexation(CDMUSIC) modeling. The As(V) removal efficiency was reduced from over 95% to about 10% with the increasing HA concentration to 25 times of As(V) mass concentration. The SERS analysis excluded the HA-As(V) complex formation. The EXAFS results indicate that As(V) formed bidentate binuclear surface complexes in the presence of HA as evidenced by an As-Fe distance of 3.26–3.31 ?. The in situ ATR-FTIR measurements show that As(V) replaces surface hydroxyl groups and forms innersphere complex. High concentrations of HA may physically block the surface sites and inhibit the As(V) access. The adsorption of As(V) and HA decreased the point of zero charge of HFO from 7.8 to 5.8 and 6.3, respectively. The CD-MUSIC model described the zeta potential curves and adsorption edges of As(V) and HA reasonably well.     

Graphene-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron：Removal of phosphorus from aqueous solution and mechanistic study

Excess phosphorus from non-point pollution sources is one of the key factors causing eutrophication in many lakes in China,so finding a cost-effective method to remove phosphorus from non-point pollution sources is very important for the health of the aqueous environment. Graphene was selected to support nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI)for phosphorus removal from synthetic rainwater runoff in this article. Compared with nZVI supported on other porous materials,graphene-supported nZVI(G-nZVI) could remove phosphorus more efficiently. The amount of nZVI in G-nZVI was an important factor in the removal of phosphorus by G-nZVI,and G-nZVI with 20 wt.% nZVI(20% G-nZVI)could remove phosphorus most efficiently. The nZVI was very stable and could disperse very well on graphene,as characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to elucidate the reaction process,and the results indicated that Fe-O-P was formed after phosphorus was adsorbed by G-nZVI. The results obtained from X-ray diffraction(XRD) indicated that the reaction product between nZVI supported on graphene and phosphorus was Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O(Vivianite). It was confirmed that the specific reaction mechanism for the removal of phosphorus with nZVI or G-nZVI was mainly due to chemical reaction between nZVI and phosphorus.     

基于特征融合的区域生态环境动态监测研究

以1993、2000、2006和2013年4期遥感影像为主体数据源,选取山西省翼城县为实验区,利用遥感和GIS的技术手段对研究区生态环境进行动态监测和评价。为了更好地体现和突出图像中的纹理特征,满足矿区土地利用和生态环境状况调查解译精度的要求,在HIS小波融合的基础上,通过选取每个像元的特征向量并对其进行主成分分析,将获得的主成分作为高频系数融合规则权重来对原图像进行融合处理,并在此基础上将结果应用于生态环境要素提取和生态环境状况评价中。结果表明:该方法的标准差与信息熵最大,均值适中,在抑制光谱信息扭曲和提高图像清晰度等评价参数上优于其他方法;与1993年相比较,2013年高植被覆盖度区域减少了9 240.87 hm2,中度植被覆盖区域增加了14 036.44 hm2,中度、强度和极强土壤侵蚀面积分别增加了2 955.2、4 850.9和278.43 hm2;实验区生态环境质量指数由37.5上升到40.7,2013年又下降到了33.1,表明了20年间生态环境质量呈现出先改善后恶化的局面。     

成都市春季大气飘尘目标变换因子分析

对成都市大气飘尘（ＳＭＰ〈１０μｍ）用目标变换因子分析（ＴＴＦＡ）作源解析。结果表明，主要排放源及其贡献为，道路交通尘（１６．８％），冶金尘（１９．２％），垃圾与草木焚烧烟尘（２４．８％），燃煤飞灰（５４．３％），大气尘污染以煤烟为主。     

典型毒害气体的FTIR吸收光谱分析

傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术可以对空气、生物气以及各种工业生产过程中的排气、废气进行实时在线监测。但是由于废气的成分复杂,红外吸收光谱互相干扰、重叠,往往难以辨认。本文用FTIR研究工业废气中主要物质的红外吸收光谱特性,确定光谱分析时废气各组分的特征红外频率。分析对象包括水蒸气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氨气、氰化氢、氯化氢、氟化氢、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、二氧化硫、甲醛和丙稀醛十二种物质。     

灰色消解模型的改进——z变换后的线性回归解法

针对文献中提出的灰色消解模型的建模方法进行了ｚ变换，然后改用线性回归的办法求解，实例验证后表明，模拟拟合状况一致，但计算工作量大为减轻。     

基于小波分析的声发射信号处理

小波分析作为一种新的信号分析处理方法，可对任意信号，信号的任一时刻、任一频段进行时频分析。将小波分析用于声发射信号处理，有助于声发射技术的发展与推广应用。     

小波分析在PM10浓度时间序列分析中的应用

以西安市PM10日平均浓度时间序列为例,根据小波分析的基本原理,应用小波分解和重构对PM10浓度时间序列的变化进行了分析,得到PM10的年变化趋势和突变特征。研究结果表明,用小波分析应用于大气污染物浓度时间序列的分析是可行的。     

激光传输在环境监控中的应用设计

对将激光通信技术在环境监控中的应用进行了研究,探讨了大气环境下数据传输的信号调制方式以及提高通信距离和减少系统噪声的方法,设计了可用于环境监控数据传输的激光传输系统实用电路.经安装、调试、运行,结果表明,该妹系统在视距通信条件下应用,具有电路制作简单、设备架设灵活方便、数据传输性能稳定和传输系统成本低廉等优点.