Contribution of Nitrogen Species to the Surface Aquifers of Volcanic Areas: The Island of Vulcano (Italy)

Ammonium and nitrate concentrations have been investigated in water samples from the wells in the island of Vulcano, (Italy). Systematic observations, extended over a period of five years, have verified different trends in the changing concentrations of both species. Nitrate ion is considered as contributed to the unconfined upper ground aquifer by the surface environment, while for ammonium ion a deep origin appears more likely. Significant changes in the activity of the volcanic system appear to affect the distribution of ammonium only, while nitrate levels do not display any important variation.     

Land cover change and abrupt environmental impacts on Javan volcanoes, Indonesia: a long-term perspective on recent events

Based on a presentation of the spectacularly abrupt environmental and societal processes occurring on Java since the 1990s, and using that as an analogue to compare their consequences with the known environmental history of the island, we unravel the relative contributions of natural and human impacts in shaping the environment of Java. Our work is based on remote sensing, Geographical Information System analysis, field-based observations and measurements of responses to abrupt land cover changes in the last 10 years. Ecological disturbance has been endemic to the long-term history of Java, but montane forests on volcanoes have since ca. 1990 become the last frontier of colonisation and are for the first time rapidly receding. We reveal how human disturbance of natural ecosystems, today as in the past, tends to be the greatest where resistance is the least. This appears true within the regional setting of Southeast Asia, where Javan forests since the last glaciation have constituted a biogeographical ecotone with a limited natural ability to regenerate after some imbalance. It is equally true at the scale of single events where humans will turn a natural disturbance to their own advantage. Overall, it remains difficult to deconvolve the signals of spontaneous human impacts and of localised natural events such as volcanic activity, El Niño-related forest fires or longer climatic anomalies because humans are opportunistic in their attitudes to natural variability and so the two are often inextricably linked. The clearest impact on land cover and land degradation comes from the history of state-organised deforestation, whether colonial or indigenous, because its impact has been systematic, pervasive and regionally consistent. Javan environments have shown astonishing signs of resilience under the abrupt, cumulative impacts that have been inflicted over the last four centuries in successive iterations, possibly because the high-energy tropical and volcanic environment is a system in which sediment turnover is naturally rapid and where past scars of land degradation either heal rapidly or are soon destroyed by younger events. However, the volcanoes are the island’s keystone reservoirs of water, sediment and biodiversity and command the geomorphic metabolism of the lowlands. By removing forests from increasingly crowded mountain slopes, Javanese society is following a trajectory in which new nonlinear responses to environmental hazards and change may limit our capacity to anticipate and contain environmental risk to human life and property.     

加强管理，实现医疗废弃物无害化

分析了福州医疗废物的现状和现行处置方式中存在的问题，提出了加强管理，实现医疗废弃物无害化处置的措施。     

Medical supplies management in the cholera epidemic in Somalia 1985

In March/April 1985 a cholera epidemic of explosive speed affected a population of 45,000 newly arrived refugees in the town of Hargeysa in the North-West region of Somalia. Seven hundred and sixty one people were killed by the disease within ten days. Great efforts were made on regional, national and international levels in order to reduce mortality and to control the spread of the disease, and large amounts of relief supplies were immediately flown into the country from various aid organizations and governments. This paper describes the supplies management during the operation, with an emphasis on the mobilization of supplies from abroad and from the capital into the emergency area. Recommendations are offered for the organization of medical supplies during cholera outbreaks. The author worked during the epidemic as co-ordinating secretary for relief supplies in Mogadishu.     

安徽省的主要自然灾害及防治对策

本文论述了安徽省的洪涝、干旱、风暴、霜冻、地震、病虫害和地裂等主要自然灾害的慨况及典型实例,并根据安徽的情况提出了相应的减轻灾害损失的对策。     

1980-2000年中国发展的资源环境成本分析

21世纪头20年是中国实现现代化、全面建设小康社会的重要时期，也是中国走可持续发展道路面临机遇与挑战并存的时期。在这20年内，中国要实现国内生产总值翻两番、人均国内生产总值接近3000美元的目标，首先离不开自然资源、生态环境的支撑。本文通过对改革开放20年中国社会经济发展对资源、生态环境消耗情况的全面分析，阐述了发展与资源、生态环境的关系，系统地评估了中国目前资源、生态环境的基础。     

西安市水资源的可持续利用研究

随着西部大开发战略的实施 ,西安市水资源供给与城市发展的矛盾将愈加突出。西安市水资源总量先天不足且时空分布不均 ,人为利用中对水环境破坏严重 ,水资源重复利用率低下 ,使原本很少的水资源更为短缺。针对以上问题 ,本文构建了西安市水资源利用的外部约束机制 ,并从现实出发探索了水资源利用的内部机制     

建立在GIS平台上的环境应急监测管理系统模型设计——以廊坊市为例

以廊坊市为例研究了以GIS技术系统为支持平台的环境应急监测管理系统(EEMMS),结合实际给出了该系统的框架模型。EEMMS系统模型的应用可为突发性环境污染事故应急监测提供快速、可行的工作方法和模式,为环境事故应急指挥系统决策提供及时、有效、科学的技术支持。     

铵饱和天然钙型沸石基质人工湿地对模拟养猪废水的处理效能

针对养猪废水中有机污染物和氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度高、悬浮物含量高的特点,采用循环流人工湿地工艺对其进行处理,研究以天然钙型沸石为基质的人工湿地对模拟养猪废水的处理效能。结果表明:历时22个月的高NH4+-N负荷运行,已使人工湿地中的钙型沸石对NH4+-N的吸附达到饱和。在天然钙型沸石填料铵饱和条件下,湿地系统对模拟养猪废水中NH4+-N的处理效果仍可达61%~76%,对TN的去除率可达66%~80%,对CODCr的去除率一直维持在78%~92%之间。     

土壤污染状况调查综合管理系统开发设计

介绍了土壤污染状况调查综合管理系统的设计开发及整体功能。系统以计算机信息技术、GPS手持终端技术和条码技术作为技术支撑,对土壤污染调查前端布点采样进行了全面、统一和准确的管理,以GIS为平台,实现了对土壤状况进行查询、统计、分析及结果展现。同时,系统具有土壤调查全过程质量控制的功能,对提高土壤调查工作效率、提升管理水平具有重要作用。