新疆1996年7月洪水灾害成因分析

作者从暴雨形成的环境背景、暴雨水汽来源及路径、暴雨过程及洪水时空分布、洪水稀遇程度和洪水特点等对新疆９６．７洪水进行了探讨，并综合野外考察结果，通过列述有关证据对洪水的成灾方式、致灾原因进行了详尽分析。     

Investigations into the PCDD contamination of topsoil,river sediments and kaolinite clay in Queensland,Australia

Recent findings of elevated PCDDs from an unknown source in the coastal marine environment of Queensland, Australia has instigated further investigations into the distribution of, and environments associated with the PCDD contamination. This study presents data for OCDD concentrations in the coastal, mountainous and inland environment of Queensland. Additionally, full 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) profiles from different land-use types and environments in the coastal region were analysed. Distinct east–west gradients were detected in topsoil collected from various bushland regions with elevated OCDD concentrations confined to the coastal region. However, PCDD/F results from topsoil and river sediments collected in the Queensland coastal region suggest that elevated OCDD concentrations cannot be attributed to any of the environments, land-use or industry types investigated. PCDD/F congener profiles from select samples were remarkably similar to those previously described in marine sediments collected along the entire Queensland coastline. In addition, kaolinite clay samples from Queensland exhibited elevated OCDD concentrations, and PCDD/F profiles in these samples were similar to those detected in kaolinite clays elsewhere. Natural formation processes have been hypothesised as the source of elevated PCDDs in Queensland and other locations, where similar PCDD/F profiles and the general lack of anthropogenic sources are evident. This study presents additional data supporting this hypothesis and provides further information that may assist in the identification of the processes involved in the natural formation of PCDDs.     

The Austrian silver cycle: A material flow analysis

Silver (Ag) is a precious metal of increasing importance. Besides its classical use as a valuable, it is applied in an increasing number of industrial products due to its advantageous chemical properties. As silver is considered a non-renewable resource, it is becoming more and more relevant for individual countries to gain a better understanding of their domestic silver material flows. In our study, a material flow analysis (MFA) of silver in Austria for the period 2012 was carried out, the results of which reveal the major silver flows in the country as well as the imports and exports outside the country. As there is no extraction of silver ore in Austria, the country is depending on silver imports and recycling. Furthermore, the role of the silver coin production that is of considerable importance in Austria is highlighted. The results may help, on a policy level, to determine silver use indicators and support the development of strategies for resource, waste and environmental management of silver. On a modeling level, the results may function as an example for future silver MFA studies in different countries.     

我国城市公交全面电力化的战略思考

近两年来,雾霾天气不断侵扰我国,尽管有关部门和各级政府采取了一系列措施,仍难产生立竿见影的效果。能否积极有效地改善环境质量特别是改善城市空气质量是考验我国生态环境治理体系和治理能力的重大课题。本文提出了将城市公交全面电力化作为突破口的有益思考。     

地方“资源诅咒”与“生态赤字”的经济学分析——以“榆林市”等资源型城市为例

我国陕西省榆林市、甘肃省白银市、辽宁省抚顺市及四川省古蔺县等地区,依托丰富的铜、煤炭、天然气等矿产资源带动了当地经济的快速发展。然而,对资源的过度依赖和开发,使地方经济无可回避地面临"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"问题。本文在界定"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"概念,及其产生的经济学根源的基础上,对"榆林市"、"白银市"等典型资源型城市的"生态赤字"现状予以分析,提出基于"3E系统模型"视角下,解决资源型城市"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"问题,实现地方经济可持续发展的路径选择。     

盐城海滨湿地植被地上生物量遥感估算研究

以盐城湿地自然保护区核心区的ETM+图像数据和同期野外实测的31 个样方地上生物量干重、湿重数据为数据源,分析了15 个遥感信息变量与湿地植被地上生物量干重、湿重的相关关系,并选择在0.01 水平上显著相关的8 个遥感变量建立一元线性回归模型、一元曲线回归模型以及多元逐步回归模型,并对比得出最优模型,进而计算出整个研究区的地上生物量。研究得出：①与研究区湿地植被地上生物量干重和湿重相关性最大的都是ETM+4 波段,干重的相关系数为0.833,湿重的相关系数为0.796;②研究区植被地上生物量干重和湿重的遥感估算模型都是一元三次函数模型,且干重模型的拟合精度要优于湿重模型;③得到研究区地上生物量干重总重量为2.28×10⁸ kg,湿重总重量为6.10×10⁸ kg。     

Forgetting about hazard

Abstract

This paper examines long-term recovery outcomes of businesses impacted by major natural disasters. Data were collected via two large-scale mail surveys—one administered to Santa Cruz County, California businesses 8 years after the Loma Prieta earthquake and the other administered to businesses in South Dade County, Florida, 6 years after Hurricane Andrew. Based on the results of OLS regression models, we argue that long-term recovery experiences of businesses are affected by various factors, including the economic sector in which a business operates, its age and financial condition, and the scope of its primary market; direct and indirect disaster impacts, including physical damage, forced closure, and disruption of operations; and owner perceptions of the broader economic climate. Previous disaster experience, level of disaster preparedness, and use of external sources of aid were not found to significantly affect the long-term economic viability of businesses in the two study communities.     

The secret history of natural disaster

Abstract

This paper explores the failure of historians to properly engage the study of natural hazards. It argues that by focusing mainly on individual calamities, historians have overlooked the larger social and economic forces that have shaped the response to natural disaster over the last century. Two important trends, real estate capitalism and the entry of the state into the political economy of hazards after World War II, are singled out as crucial for understanding US society's response to natural disaster. As a result of these historical forces, risk became a commodity, with harmful environmental consequences.     

Estimation of methane emitted by natural wetlands of Orissa: Based on case studies on three representative wetlands

The rapid increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere has led to significant changes in global climate. Methane is second to carbon dioxide in terms of its contribution to global warming. The wetlands serve as a major natural source of methane. Orissa State, located on the east coast of India, has a number of natural wetlands. Three representative wetlands: Chilka – the largest semi-saline lake of Asia, Anshupa – a land-locked fresh water lake and Gahirmatha – a tidal flood plain of Bhitara Kanika region that has sprawling mangrove vegetation (extension of the Sunderbans of the Gangetic delta) were chosen for intensive monitoring of water and sediment quality, along with methane flux over a period of three years during 1997–2000. The average seasonal methane fluxes were integrated to arrive at the annual flux from each wetland category. Finally, those results were extended to other natural wetlands of Orissa to arrive at the average annual methane flux of Orissa State. This is useful in calculating the total budget of greenhouse gases of India.     

Advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China

China is at present experiencing a very rapid urbanization process, which has brought a number of adverse impacts upon the water environment. In particular, urban runoff quantity and quality control have emerged as one of the key concerns for municipal officials. One of the strategies being considered is the use of a Low Impact Development type of Best Management Practices (LID BMPs) for urban storm water runoff quantity and quality control. In this paper, the situation surrounding urban runoff control in China is reviewed first. Then the conventional strategy and technologies for the construction and management of urban drainage systems are discussed, while exploring their inherent dilemmas. The LID BMPs are then introduced to control urban runoff in the context of urban sustainable water systems. After the comprehensive analysis of the various LID BMPs, the advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China are investigated and summarized. At last, the difficulties of implementing LID BMPs in China are discussed, and a direction for the future is proposed.